Adinulos Week 8

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Annika G. Dinulos

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Journal Pages

Class Journal Pages

Purpose

To utilize proper information literacy to scientifically choose relevant literature to the topic of HIV-1 gp 120 protein mutation and it's relationship to structure and function.

Assignment

The goal for this assignment is to create a class shared annotated bibliography of references for the next phase of the HIV research project where we will investigate the structure-function implications of mutations in the gp120 protein.

Google Scholar

  1. Warm up exercise (announced in class).
  2. Perform a search in Google Scholar . "HIV-1 env structure"
    1. Record the number of “hits” you found: 112,000
    2. Record the top 10 papers, this time using APA format:
      • Pancera, M., Zhou, T., Druz, A., Georgiev, I. S., Soto, C., Gorman, J., ... & Stewart-Jones, G. B. (2014). Structure and immune recognition of trimeric pre-fusion HIV-1 Env. Nature, 514(7523), 455-461.
      • Gristick, H. B., von Boehmer, L., West Jr, A. P., Schamber, M., Gazumyan, A., Golijanin, J., ... & Bjorkman, P. J. (2016). Natively glycosylated HIV-1 Env structure reveals new mode for antibody recognition of the CD4-binding site. Nature structural & molecular biology, 23(10), 906.
      • Lu, M., Blacklow, S. C., & Kim, P. S. (1995). A trimeric structural domain of the HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein. Nature structural biology, 2(12), 1075-1082.
      • Stewart-Jones, G. B., Soto, C., Lemmin, T., Chuang, G. Y., Druz, A., Kong, R., ... & Bylund, T. (2016). Trimeric HIV-1-Env structures define glycan shields from clades A, B, and G. Cell, 165(4), 813-826.
      • Bartesaghi, A., Merk, A., Borgnia, M. J., Milne, J. L., & Subramaniam, S. (2013). Prefusion structure of trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein determined by cryo-electron microscopy. Nature structural & molecular biology, 20(12), 1352.
      • Do Kwon, Y., Pancera, M., Acharya, P., Georgiev, I. S., Crooks, E. T., Gorman, J., ... & Soto, C. (2015). Crystal structure, conformational fixation and entry-related interactions of mature ligand-free HIV-1 Env. Nature structural & molecular biology, 22(7), 522.
      • Blattner, C., Lee, J. H., Sliepen, K., Derking, R., Falkowska, E., de la Peña, A. T., ... & Peng, W. (2014). Structural delineation of a quaternary, cleavage-dependent epitope at the gp41-gp120 interface on intact HIV-1 Env trimers. Immunity, 40(5), 669-680.
      • Ward, A. B., & Wilson, I. A. (2015). Insights into the trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein structure. Trends in biochemical sciences, 40(2), 101-107.
      • Munro, J. B., Gorman, J., Ma, X., Zhou, Z., Arthos, J., Burton, D. R., ... & Blanchard, S. C. (2014). Conformational dynamics of single HIV-1 envelope trimers on the surface of native virions. Science, 346(6210), 759-763.
      • Earl, P. L., Doms, R. W., & Moss, B. (1990). Oligomeric structure of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87(2), 648-652.
  3. Sort your results by date (instead of relevance), and record the top 5 papers, using APA format:
    • Watanabe, Y., Berndsen, Z. T., Raghwani, J., Seabright, G. E., Allen, J. D., McLellan, J. S., ... & Crispin, M. (2020). Vulnerabilities in coronavirus glycan shields despite extensive glycosylation. BioRxiv.
    • Wong, R. W., Balachandran, A., Cheung, P. K., Cheng, R., Pan, Q., Stoilov, P., ... & Cochrane, A. (2020). An activator of G protein-coupled receptor and MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling inhibits HIV-1 replication by altering viral RNA processing. PLoS pathogens, 16(2), e1008307.
    • Bontempo, A., Garcia, M. M., Rivera, N., & Cayabyab, M. J. (2020). A Systematic Approach to HIV-1 Vaccine Immunogen Selection. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, (ja).
    • Kwon, E. H., Musema, G. M., Boelter, J., Townsend, S., Tshala-Katumbay, D., Kayembe, P. K., ... & Wood, C. (2020). HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance mutations among female sex workers varied in different cities and regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo. PloS one, 15(2), e0228670.
    • Silver, Z. A., Antonopoulos, A., Haslam, S. M., Dell, A., Dickinson, G. M., Seaman, M. S., & Desrosiers, R. C. (2020). Discovery of O-Linked Carbohydrate on HIV-1 Envelope and Its Role in Shielding against One Category of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Cell Reports, 30(6), 1862-1869.
  4. Filter your results using “Since 2019”, and record the top 5 papers, using APA format:
    • Chuang, G. Y., Zhou, J., Acharya, P., Rawi, R., Shen, C. H., Sheng, Z., ... & Doria-Rose, N. A. (2019). Structural survey of broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the HIV-1 Env trimer delineates epitope categories and characteristics of recognition. Structure, 27(1), 196-206.
    • Lu, M., Ma, X., Castillo-Menendez, L. R., Gorman, J., Alsahafi, N., Ermel, U., ... & Zhou, T. (2019). Associating HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein structures with states on the virus observed by smFRET. Nature, 568(7752), 415-419.
    • Pan, J., Peng, H., Chen, B., & Harrison, S. C. (2020). Cryo-EM structure of full-length HIV-1 Env bound with the Fab of antibody PG16. Journal of Molecular Biology.
    • Yang, Z., Wang, H., Liu, A. Z., Gristick, H. B., & Bjorkman, P. J. (2019). Asymmetric opening of HIV-1 Env bound to CD4 and a coreceptor-mimicking antibody. Nature structural & molecular biology, 26(12), 1167-1175.
    • Karch, C. P., Matyas, G. R., Burkhard, P., & Beck, Z. (2019). Glycosylation of the HIV-1 Env V1V2 loop to form a native-like structure may not be essential with a nanoparticle vaccine.
  5. Filter your results using “Since 2016”, and record the top 5 papers, using APA format:
    • Gristick, H. B., von Boehmer, L., West Jr, A. P., Schamber, M., Gazumyan, A., Golijanin, J., ... & Bjorkman, P. J. (2016). Natively glycosylated HIV-1 Env structure reveals new mode for antibody recognition of the CD4-binding site. Nature structural & molecular biology, 23(10), 906.
    • Stewart-Jones, G. B., Soto, C., Lemmin, T., Chuang, G. Y., Druz, A., Kong, R., ... & Bylund, T. (2016). Trimeric HIV-1-Env structures define glycan shields from clades A, B, and G. Cell, 165 (4), 813-826.
    • Gorman, J., Soto, C., Yang, M. M., Davenport, T. M., Guttman, M., Bailer, R. T., ... & Druz, A. (2016). Structures of HIV-1 Env V1V2 with broadly neutralizing antibodies reveal commonalities that enable vaccine design. Nature structural & molecular biology, 23(1), 81.
    • Wang, H., Barnes, C. O., Yang, Z., Nussenzweig, M. C., & Bjorkman, P. J. (2018). Partially open HIV-1 envelope structures exhibit conformational changes relevant for coreceptor binding and fusion. Cell host & microbe, 24(4), 579-592.
    • Dev, J., Park, D., Fu, Q., Chen, J., Ha, H. J., Ghantous, F., ... & Seaman, M. S. (2016). Structural basis for membrane anchoring of HIV-1 envelope spike. Science, 353(6295), 172-175.
  6. We will now make a list of the search terms that were used by each student in the class. Record the list written on the board here:
    • mutations gp120
    • HIV gp120
    • structure-function mutation gp120
    • structure and function of gp120
    • structure of gp120
    • gp120
    • gp120 structure and function
    • gp120 structure function
    • mutations in the gp120 protein
    • HIV-1 gp120 protein mutation
    • gp120 mutation structure function
    • HIV gp 120 function
    • HIV gp120 mutation
    • mutations in gp120
    • Record the search terms that have now been assigned specifically to you:
      • HIV-1 env structure

PubMed

  1. Now access the PubMed database by using the LMU-specific link. Perform an unrestricted search on your assigned keywords.
    • Record the total number of hits: 1008
    • Record the top 10 papers (you don't need to do APA format for this):
      1. Identification of HIV-1 Envelope Mutations that Enhance Entry Using Macaque CD4 and CCR5. Roop JI, Cassidy NA, Dingens AS, Bloom JD, Overbaugh J.
      2. A Systematic Approach to HIV-1 Vaccine Immunogen Selection. Bontempo A, Garcia MM, Rivera N, Cayabyab MJ.
      3. Restriction of HIV-1 Escape by a Highly Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody. Schommers P, Gruell H, Abernathy ME, Tran MK, Dingens AS, Gristick HB, Barnes CO, Schoofs T, Schlotz M, Vanshylla K, Kreer C, Weiland D, Holtick U, Scheid C, Valter MM, van Gils MJ, Sanders RW, Vehreschild JJ, Cornely OA, Lehmann C, Fätkenheuer G, Seaman MS, Bloom JD, Bjorkman PJ, Klein F.
      4. Cryo-EM Structure of Full-length HIV-1 Env Bound With the Fab of Antibody PG16. Pan J, Peng H, Chen B, Harrison SC
      5. The Envelope-Based Fusion Antigen GP120C14K Forming Hexamer-Like Structures Triggers T Cell and Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against HIV-1. Raman SC, Mejías-Pérez E, Gomez CE, García-Arriaza J, Perdiguero B, Vijayan A, Pérez-Ruiz M, Cuervo A, Santiago C, Sorzano COS, Sánchez-Corzo C, Moog C, Burger JA, Schorcht A, Sanders RW, Carrascosa JL, Esteban M.
      6. Flow Cytometry Analysis of HIV-1 Env Conformations at the Surface of Infected Cells and Virions: Role of Nef, CD4, and SERINC5. Staropoli I, Dufloo J, Ducher A, Commere PH, Sartori-Rupp A, Novault S, Bruel T, Lorin V, Mouquet H, Schwartz O, Casartelli N.
      7. Refolding Dynamics of gp41 from Pre-fusion to Pre-hairpin States during HIV-1 Entry. Lin M, Da LT.
      8. Boosting with AIDSVAX B/E Enhances Env Constant Region 1 and 2 Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Breadth and Potency. Easterhoff D, Pollara J, Luo K, Tolbert WD, Young B, Mielke D, Jha S, O'Connell RJ, Vasan S, Kim J, Michael NL, Excler JL, Robb ML, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Sinangil F, Tartaglia J, Phogat S, Kepler TB, Alam SM, Wiehe K, Saunders KO, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Moody MA, Pazgier M, Haynes BF, Ferrari G.
      9. HIV-1 genetic diversity to estimate time of infection and infer adherence to preexposure prophylaxis. Council OD, Ruone S, Mock PA, Khalil G, Martin A, Curlin ME, McNicholl JM, Heneine W, Leelawiwat W, Choopanya K, Vanichseni S, Cherdtrakulkiat T, Anekvorapong R, Martin M, García-Lerma JG.
      10. The lipid membrane of HIV-1 stabilizes the viral envelope glycoproteins and modulates their sensitivity to antibody neutralization. Salimi H, Johnson J, Flores MG, Zhang MS, O'Malley Y, Houtman JC, Schlievert PM, Haim H.

J Biol Chem. 2020 Jan 10;295(2):348-362. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.009481. Epub 2019 Nov 22.

  1. Perform a title/abstract search on your assigned keywords.
    • Record the total number of hits: 33
    • Record the top 10 papers (you don't need to do APA format for this):
      1. Identification of HIV-1 Envelope Mutations that Enhance Entry Using Macaque CD4 and CCR5. Roop JI, Cassidy NA, Dingens AS, Bloom JD, Overbaugh J.
      2. Cryo-EM Structure of Full-length HIV-1 Env Bound With the Fab of Antibody PG16. Pan J, Peng H, Chen B, Harrison SC.
      3. Impact of HIV-1 Diversity on Its Sensitivity to Neutralization. Stefic K, Bouvin-Pley M, Braibant M, Barin F.
      4. Concomitant Enhancement of HIV-1 Replication Potential and Neutralization-Resistance in Concert With Three Adaptive Mutations in Env V1/C2/C4 Domains. Doi N, Yokoyama M, Koma T, Kotani O, Sato H, Adachi A, Nomaguchi M.
      5. Optimized protocol for detection of native, full-length HIV-1 envelope on the surface of transfected cells. Altman JB, Liu X, Itri V, Zolla-Pazner S, Powell RLR.
      6. The first structure of HIV-1 gp120 with CD4 and CCR5 receptors. Guan Y.
      7. Mapping of Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on the Envelope of Viruses Obtained from Plasma Samples Exhibiting Broad Cross-Clade Neutralization Potential Against HIV-1. Cheedarla N, Sundaramurthi JC, Hemalatha B, Anangi B, Nesakumar M, Ashokkumar M, Vidya Vijayan KK, Tripathy SP, Swaminathan S, Vaniambadi SK, Ramanathan DV, Hanna LE.
      8. Rational Design of DNA-Expressed Stabilized Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. Aldon Y, McKay PF, Allen J, Ozorowski G, Felfödiné Lévai R, Tolazzi M, Rogers P, He L, de Val N, Fábián K, Scarlatti G, Zhu J, Ward AB, Crispin M, Shattock RJ.
      9. Structure-Guided Redesign Improves NFL HIV Env Trimer Integrity and Identifies an Inter-Protomer Disulfide Permitting Post-Expression Cleavage. Yang L, Sharma SK, Cottrell C, Guenaga J, Tran K, Wilson R, Behrens AJ, Crispin M, de Val N, Wyatt RT.
      10. Glycine Substitution at Helix-to-Coil Transitions Facilitates the Structural Determination of a Stabilized Subtype C HIV Envelope Glycoprotein. Guenaga J, Garces F, de Val N, Stanfield RL, Dubrovskaya V, Higgins B, Carrette B, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Wyatt RT.
  2. Add the word “Review” to any articles that are review articles that you listed in question 8.
  3. Pick an author that shows up in multiple citations (if there isn’t one, just pick a last author from one of the papers) and perform an author search on the name.
    • Do you find any new articles that you did not find before on PubMed? ys but not all are relevant to HIV-1
    • List up to 5 new articles that were found on the author name search:
      1. Overcoming Steric Restrictions of VRC01 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies through Immunization. Parks KR, MacCamy AJ, Trichka J, Gray M, Weidle C, Borst AJ, Khechaduri A, Takushi B, Agrawal P, Guenaga J, Wyatt RT, Coler R, Seaman M, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Veesler D, Pancera M, McGuire A, Stamatatos L.
      2. Vaccination with Glycan-Modified HIV NFL Envelope Trimer-Liposomes Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to Multiple Sites of Vulnerability. Dubrovskaya V, Tran K, Ozorowski G, Guenaga J, Wilson R, Bale S, Cottrell CA, Turner HL, Seabright G, O'Dell S, Torres JL, Yang L, Feng Y, Leaman DP, Vázquez Bernat N, Liban T, Louder M, McKee K, Bailer RT, Movsesyan A, Doria-Rose NA, Pancera M, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Zwick MB, Crispin M, Mascola JR, Ward AB, Wyatt RT.
      3. Extensive dissemination and intraclonal maturation of HIV Env vaccine-induced B cell responses. Phad GE, Pushparaj P, Tran K, Dubrovskaya V, Àdori M, Martinez-Murillo P, Vázquez Bernat N, Singh S, Dionne G, O'Dell S, Bhullar K, Narang S, Sorini C, Villablanca EJ, Sundling C, Murrell B, Mascola JR, Shapiro L, Pancera M, Martin M, Corcoran M, Wyatt RT, Karlsson Hedestam GB.
      4. Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines as a Platform for Improvement of HIV-1 Env Antibody Responses by Intrastructural Help. Damm D, Rojas-Sánchez L, Theobald H, Sokolova V, Wyatt RT, Überla K, Epple M, Temchura V.
      5. Sudan Ebolavirus VP35-NP Crystal Structure Reveals a Potential Target for Pan-Filovirus Treatment. Landeras-Bueno S, Oda SI, Norris MJ, Li Salie Z, Guenaga J, Wyatt RT, Saphire EO.

Web of Science

  1. Now access the Web of Science database. Perform an unrestricted search on your assigned keywords.
    • Record the total number of hits: 1003
    • Record the top 10 papers (you don't need to use APA format for this):
      1. Restriction of HIV-1 Escape by a Highly Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody By: Schommers, Philipp; Gruell, Henning; Abernathy, Morgan E.; et al.
      2. Boosting with AIDSVAX B/E Enhances Env Constant Region 1 and 2 Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Breadth and PotencyBy: Easterhoff, David; Pollara, Justin; Luo, Kan; et al.
      3. The lipid membrane of HIV-1 stabilizes the viral envelope glycoproteins and modulates their sensitivity to antibody neutralization By: Salimi, Hamid; Johnson, Jacklyn; Flores, Manuel G.; et al.
      4. Refolding Dynamics of gp41 from Pre-fusion to Pre-hairpin States during HIV-1 Entry By: Lin, Mengna; Da, Lin-Tai
      5. SOS and IP Modifications Predominantly Affect the Yield but Not Other Properties of SOSIP.664 HIV-1 Env Glycoprotein Trimers By: Ringe, Rajesh P.; Colin, Philippe; Torres, Jonathan L.; et al.
      6. HIV-1 Matrix Trimerization-Impaired Mutants Are Rescued by Matrix Substitutions That Enhance Envelope Glycoprotein Incorporation By: Tedbury, Philip R.; Novikova, Mariia; Alfadhli, Ayna; et al.
      7. The Tryptophan-Rich Motif of HIV-1 gp41 Can Interact with the N-Terminal Deep Pocket Site: New Insights into the Structure and Function of gp41 and Its Inhibitors By: Zhu, Yuanmei; Ding, Xiaohui; Yu, Danwei; et al.
      8. Opening dynamics of HIV-1 gp120 upon receptor binding is dictated by a key hydrophobic core By: Da, Lin-Tai; Lin, Mengna
      9. Structural and biophysical characterizations of HIV-1 matrix trimer binding to lipid nanodiscs shed light on virus assembly By: Murphy, R. Elliot; Samal, Alexandra B.; Vlach, Jiri; et al.
      10. The Envelope-Based Fusion Antigen GP120C14K Forming Hexamer-Like Structures Triggers T Cell and Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against HIV-1 By: Raman, Suresh C.; Mejias-Perez, Ernesto; Gomez, Carmen E.; et al.
  2. We will now create a shared bibliography for the entire class. Go through the search results that you have found and add articles to the class shared bibliography page.
    • Only add articles that are unique (everyone will be adding to the page and we do not want redundant articles)
    • Put review articles and primary research articles in their respective sections. If the article does not fit either of those two categories, place it in the other articles section.
    • Add the articles in APA format (re-find them in Google Scholar to easily obtain APA format, if necessary). Add your wiki signature to the end of the citation.
    • Ideally, each student will contribute 2-3 unique articles.
  3. Now that we have our shared bibliography, each student will be assigned one article. Record the citation for your article in APA format: Da, L. T., & Lin, M. (2019). Opening dynamics of HIV-1 gp120 upon receptor binding is dictated by a key hydrophobic core. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 21(47), 26003-26016
    • In Web of Science, search for the specific article that you have been assigned.
      • How many cited references does that article have? 119
      • How many articles have cited the article you have been assigned?0
  4. What are the relative merits of searching with Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science? Name two advantages and disadvantages for each.
    • Google Scholar: good for broad ideas if you are unsure what to look for exactly, does not limit journals from searches
    • Google Scholar: algorithm is unknown so 'top hits' might not be the most popular, harder to narrow down number of articles or article searches
    • PubMed: sorted by date in reverse chronological order, also has many different filters that can be applied to the searches
    • Pubmed: limited number of journals included, citation not generated
    • Web of Science: tells you how many times something has been cited, you can sort results based on the institution or organization that is associated with the article
    • Web of Science: not as good at keyword searches, doesn't have as specific search filters
  5. What impact does choice of keywords have on your results? even the presence of words like 'and' 'or' 'but' can impact the searches that come up for the article, more words can help specify the search a little more.

Individual Article

  1. Now we will begin to evaluate your assigned article in three areas availability, the journal, and the article metadata. Again, provide a citation for the article in APA format, this time including the DOI. For the following questions, for information that is not available, answer n/a).

Altman, J. B., Liu, X., Itri, V., Zolla‐Pazner, S., & Powell, R. L. R. (2018). Optimized protocol for detection of native, full‐length HIV‐1 envelope on the surface of transfected cells. Health science reports, 1(9), e74. doi:10.1002/hsr2.74

    1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Optimized+protocol+for+detection+of+native%2C+full%E2%80%90length+HIV%E2%80%901+envelope+on+the+surface+of+transfected+cells
    2. N/A
    3. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hsr2.74
    4. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hsr2.74
    5. The authors hold the copyright for the article.
    6. How is the article available to you:
      • Open Access
    7. Online journal only
  2. Evaluating the source--the journal
    1. The publisher of the journal is Wiley Publishing Company
    2. Wiley is non-profit. They have a nonprofit profit management and leadership branch.
    3. The publisher is a multinational publisher that has other companies that also bring in profit. It doesn't seem to be associated with other publishers.
    4. Wiley belongs to the Open Access Publishers Association
    5. Health Science Reports is published in America.
    6. Health Science Reports was founded in 2017
    7. The articles in the journal are peer-reviewed.
    8. Health Science Reports Editorial Board
    9. I could not find the Health Science Reports impact factor online, maybe because it is so new, but the Wiley publishing impact factor was 34.024 in 2019.
  3. Evaluating the source--the article
    1. The article is a primary research article.
    2. The article was submitted on January 24, 2018
    3. The article was accepted on June 12, 2018
    4. The article was revised once on May 23, 2018 before acceptance.
    5. The article was published on July 31, 2018
    6. The approximate time between submission and acceptance is 7 months.
    7. The authors are affiliated with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in the Division of Infectious Diseases.
    8. To find out if the authors have written other articles pertaining to HIV, I clicked on their author links and see if any are related. Just looking through Wiley I didn't find many other articles the authors have written, and while one author had more articles published, they were not related to HIV.
    9. I don't believe there is a conflict of interest with any of the authors since it seems that they haven't been involved in very much.
    10. Read the abstract. Write 1-2 sentences about the relevance of this article to understanding the structure-function relationship of mutations in the HIV-1 gp120 protein.
    • In relation to structure-function, the article aims to detect surface expression of wild type env to help identify native env structures using cytometry.
    1. Make a recommendation--based on the information you have gathered, should we do a journal club on this article? Why or why not?
    • I don't think we should use a journal club on this article, it was hard for me to determine how much it related to the other information that we've been learning in class, especially in relation to cytometry. I don't know how much information can be gained from the article that we actually will use.
    1. Copy your 1-2 sentence statement about the relevance and the recommendation (plus justification) and paste into the class shared bibliography as a bullet point underneath your assigned paper.
  4. For your Conclusion section, write a short reflection about what you learned by doing this exercise. Include in your answer what you knew previously about searching the biological literature and evaluating sources, and what you learned that was new that you learned today.

Conclusion

I learned to actually go through and make sure the publisher was also a good resource rather than just the journal, but also, that with a big publisher, they could publish journals that may not be the best or not have a lot of background. I learned that just because articles seemed to be reviewed and on these search engines, more research needs to be done to ensure credibility. Before, my go-to website for finding articles was just Google Scholar, but now I've learned about more websites like Web of Science and PubMed.

Acknowledgments

  • I worked with my partner Christina Dominguez in class for clarifications on questions we had.
  • I copied and modified the procedures on the Week 8 page to generate this lab notebook entry.
  • Except for what is noted above, this individual journal entry was completed by me and not copied from another source.

Adinulos (talk) 15:46, 12 March 2020 (PDT)

References

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