References and Papers
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University of California Berkeley iGem 2009 Wetlab Team |
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Links
Post brief discussions of and links to interesting papers and references.
Functional Assays
Cellulase We're most interested in endo-1,4-beta-glucanases, as they are the rate limiting step in cellulose degradation. However, it may be necessary to include exocellulases to relieve product inhibition (this may or may not be true, see: doi:10.1016/0076-6879(88)60109-1 <--- suggests there is no synergism between exo's and endo's....
This is the sequencing paper from which we have taken all of our (Cellvibrio japonicus) "cellulases" up to this point: doi:10.1128/JB.01701-07
This is a Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) assay (CMC is soluble) that is colorimetric: http://secure.megazyme.com/downloads/en/data/S-ACMC.pdf
Here is an example of a cellulase being displayed by an Ice-Nucleation Protein displayer: doi:10.1016/S0141-0229(97)00224-X of particular note is the congo-red plate-based assay)
DNS based assay for soluble and insoluble cellulose: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/107623737/abstract
Plate Based Screen: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120054853/abstract
Cellulose Binding Module (CBM) review: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1133952&blobtype=pdf
Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase catalyzes the reaction:
[math]\displaystyle{ 2(O_2)^-+2H^+ --\gt (H_2)(O_2)+O_2 }[/math]
As the oxygen radical is too reactive to measure directly, all assays rely on the ability of SOD to compete with a free radical scavenger and inhibit a reaction with a chlorophore as a product. Here are a list of commonly used assays which would be appropriate in liquid cultures:
Cytochrome C:
- Measure inhibition of the initial rate of cytochrome C reduction under:
- 50 uM kPi
- 0.1 mM EDTA
- 50 uM Xanthine
- 10 uM ferricytochrome C
- Enough Xanthine Oxidase (~6nM) to cause an initial rate of absorption at 550nm of 0.025/min at pH 7.8 and 25 °C in a 3mL reaction can
- Problems:
- Need to establish the actual concentration of ferricytochrome C in stock solution.
- Cytochrome C contamination with SOD
- contamination of XO with lactoperoxidase
- XO loses FAD and can't be inhibited
- Other inhibitors/competitors in liquid culture
NBT:
- Measure Absorbance at 560nm as a function of time in a sample containg SOD and a control sample
- The following mixture is prepared:
- 27mL Buger (pH 7.8)
- 1.5 mL I-Methionine (300 mg/10)
- 1 mL NBT . 2HCL (14.1 mg/10mL)
- 750 uL Triton X-100 1% (w/v)
- 10 uL Riboflavin 4.4mg/100mL
- they used 20 uL of purified SOD.
- The mixture is illuminated for 7 minutes and [math]\displaystyle{ A_560 }[/math] is measured.
Something More Qualitative:
- Could see if cells don't die in an environment containing reactive oxygen species. It would be easier then buying all of the reactants needed for qualitative measurements.
- References:
PMID: 3034103
EspA scfv If we are able to work with OH:157:
- outer cell membrane fractions could be prepared from liquid cultures and a western blot could be preformed using the outer membrane expressed scfv.
- Some sort of out growth assay based upon the ability of our cells to bind to immobilized OH:157 cells
If we are not able to work with OH:157:
- we will need to express a histidine (or streptavidin binding peptide) tagged espA in e. coli. This protein would need to be purified and imobilized on a column.
- An ELISA could be preformed
- References:
PMID: 15243046
--- Tir This paper has some information about the binding between intimin and Tir: doi:10.1074/jbc.M401616200
