BME100 s2018:Group10 W0800 L4

BME 100 Spring 2018	Home People Lab Write-Up 1 | Lab Write-Up 2 | Lab Write-Up 3 Lab Write-Up 4 | Lab Write-Up 5 | Lab Write-Up 6 Course Logistics For Instructors Photos Wiki Editing Help
OUR TEAM Name: Alison Dewald Name: Darius Williams Name: Taylor Miller Name: Dylan Mitchell Name: Liana Soto LAB 4 WRITE-UP Protocol Materials Lab coat and disposable gloves PCR reaction mix, 8 tubes, 50 μL each: Mix contains Taq DNA polymerase, MgCl2, and dNTP’s DNA/ primer mix, 8 tubes, 50 μL each: Each mix contains a different template DNA. All tubes have the same forward primer and reverse primer A strip of empty PCR tubes Disposable pipet tips: only use each only once. Never reuse disposable pipet tips. If you do the samples will become cross‐contaminated Cup for discarded tips Micropipetor OpenPCR machine: shared by two groups PCR Reaction Sample List Tube Label PCR Reaction Sample Patient ID G10 + Positive control none G10 - Negative control none G10 1-1 Patient 1, replicate 1 55307 G10 1-2 Patient 1, replicate 2 55307 G10 1-3 Patient 1, replicate 3 55307 G10 2-1 Patient 2, replicate 1 53428 G10 2-2 Patient 2, replicate 2 53428 G10 2-3 Patient 2, replicate 3 53428 DNA Sample Set-up Procedure Step: Start by moving the extracted DNA in a special PCR tube. Step: Next, add primer 1 to the PCR tube. Step: Now add primer 2, which will attach at the second site. Step: Add nucleotides (A, C, G, T) to the PCR tube. Step: Last, add the DNA polymerase to the PCR tube. Step: Place PCR tube in thermal cycler. Step: Click the start button on the thermocycler. OpenPCR program HEATED LID: 100°C INITIAL STEP: 95°C for 2 minutes NUMBER OF CYCLES: 25 Denature at 95°C for 30 seconds, Anneal at 57°C for 30 seconds Extend at 72°C for 30 seconds FINAL STEP: 72°C for 2 minutes FINAL HOLD: 4°C Research and Development PCR - The Underlying Technology Function of PCR Reaction Components There are four (4) total components that make up the PCR reaction. First, there is the template DNA which acts as the original source of DNA for the reaction. In other words, this is what is going to be copied in the reaction. Primers, which are short pieces of DNA made in the laboratory, are working as the starting point for DNA replication. Because primers are custom, any arrangement of nucleotides can be made in the lab. Primers are necessary for the PCR reaction because DNA polymerase are unable to attach onto any old piece of the DNA, they have to attach to existing DNA in order to replicate. DNA polymerase, as previously mentioned, replicate the DNA. Nucleotides are the building blocks of what the DNA is made up of. DNA polymerase grab onto nucleotides floating around and add them to the primer. The added onto parts of the template DNA are known as deoxyribonucleotides or dNTPs. Components During Thermal Cycling The initial step of the lab heats up the DNA for denaturation at 95°C for 2 minutes. On denaturation is reached, hydrogen bonds are broken between bases and separate strands for 30 seconds. Following this, the primers bond to 3’ end of DNA as they anneal at 57°C for a total of 30 seconds. Next, the DNA is extended at 72°C for 30 seconds in which the taq polymerase binds and copies the DNA. This brings upon the final step where the DNA continues to copy at 72°C for 2 minutes until the desired amount is reached. Finally, there is the final hold at 4°C which allows for short-term storage of PCR DNA. Base-Pairing DNA is made up of four types of molecules, known as nucleotides, given the shortened names of A, T, C, and G. A being for adenine, T for thymine, C for cytosine, and G for guanine. The base-pairing of these molecules, allowing the pairs to stick together, is driven by hydrogen bonding. The pairing of molecules follows the pattern of A pairing with T and vice versa, and C pairing with G and vice versa. This pairing of molecules makes up the nucleotides, which makes up the DNA. Two Steps in Which Base-Pairing Occurs The first step that includes base pairing is extending/elongation because this is the step that involves the Taq polymerase binding to the primers on the DNA template and will begin to add the base pairs to the template DNA until the cycle ends.The other step that involves base pairing is the optional final hold step,even though this step is completely optional, it allows for any remaining base pairs to bind to the remaining DNA template in the mixture. SNP Information & Primer Design Background: About the Disease SNP SNP, or Single nucleotide polymorphisms, are common variations in the sequence of DNA (in the nucleotides) among individuals. Sequence variations exist at defined positions associated with the individual's phenotype characteristics. Physical mapping is used to find the location of the variation and this information is then used to complete a functional analysis to study the implications of the variation. The variation researched in this lab, rs1044498, is found within homo sapiens in chromosome 6 of the DNA. The clinical significance of this is unknown, but has been found to be associated with bone disorders and diabetes. Primer Design and Testing After completing the primer test, the result showed that the non-disease primers produced about 275 base pairs.On the other hand the diseases primers showed no results due to these primers not being in the natural human genome.