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Oftentimes, researchers find themselves working not with E. coli or other bacteria, but with plant organisms that are unaffected by antibiotics. In these instances, antibiotic resistance is replaced with herbicidal resistance. While the overall process remains essentially the same, herbicide resistance falls under a different category of selectable genetic markers. | Oftentimes, researchers find themselves working not with E. coli or other bacteria, but with plant organisms that are unaffected by antibiotics. In these instances, antibiotic resistance is replaced with herbicidal resistance. While the overall process remains essentially the same, herbicide resistance falls under a different category of selectable genetic markers. | ||
One of the most common forms of herbicide resistance found in the world is glyphosate resistance. The Monsanto corporation introduced glyphosate resistance into soybeans in 1996, and provides an example of the commercial application of selectable genetic markers. Since then, Monsanto has incorporated glyphosate resistance into other plants such as canola, corn, and alfalfa. Approximately 50% of all agricultural land in the United States is now occupied by these variants, attesting to the power of selectable genetic markers. | One of the most common forms of herbicide resistance found in the world is glyphosate resistance. The Monsanto corporation introduced glyphosate resistance into soybeans in 1996, and provides an example of the commercial application of selectable genetic markers. Since then, Monsanto has incorporated glyphosate resistance into other plants such as canola, corn, and alfalfa. Approximately 50% of all agricultural land in the United States is now occupied by these variants, attesting to the power of selectable genetic markers<cite>Owen2010</cite>. | ||
Selectable genetic markers for plants are not always in the form of herbicide resistance. For instance, researchers at China's Agricultural University were able to express the rstB gene in tobacco, which confers upon the plant greater tolerance to salt concentration. <i>Zhang et al.</i> was able to acheive appoximately 80% selection efficiency using salt concentrations at 170mM, proving remarkable success in using a selectable genetic marker other than herbicide resistance<cite>Zhang2008</cite>. | |||
===Morphological=== | ===Morphological=== | ||
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#Twyman2002 pmid=1282647 | #Twyman2002 pmid=1282647 | ||
//Various genetic markers used for artificial selection of rice crops. | //Various genetic markers used for artificial selection of rice crops. | ||
#Parsons2011 [https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/476269.pdf D. Parsons, M. Tolmasky, P. Chain | #Parsons2011 [https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/476269.pdf D. Parsons, M. Tolmasky, P. Chain and B. W. Segelke] | ||
//Report by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on a new system for selectable markers | //Report by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on a new system for selectable markers | ||
#Poggi2010 pmid=20511419 | #Poggi2010 pmid=20511419 | ||
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#Goodwin2005 pmid=15310922 | #Goodwin2005 pmid=15310922 | ||
//Herbicide selectable genetic markers in wheat. | //Herbicide selectable genetic markers in wheat. | ||
#Owen2010 [http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ocga/testimony/t_Herbicide_Resistant_Weeds_in_GE_Crops.asp Owen, M.] | |||
//Report by Professor Micheal Owen from Iowa State University on glyphosate resistance for the U.S. House of representatives | |||
#Zhang2008 [http://www.springerlink.com/content/u2172658q3p50727/ Zhang WJ, Yang SS, Shen XY, Jin YS, Zhao HJ and Wang T] | |||
//Salt tolerance as a selectable genetic marker. | |||
</biblio> | </biblio> | ||
