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===Antibiotic=== | ===Antibiotic=== | ||
In synthetic biology research, the primary forms of selectable markers are antibiotic resistant genes. Because a large portion of research takes place in vivo in E. coli, antibiotic selectable markers can be employed whenever transfecting DNA in order to distinguish wild-type cells from successfully transfected ones. | In synthetic biology research, the primary forms of selectable markers are antibiotic resistant genes. Because a large portion of research takes place in vivo in E. coli, antibiotic selectable markers can be employed whenever transfecting DNA in order to distinguish wild-type cells from successfully transfected ones. If ligating more than one gene of interest into a plasmid for transfection into E. coli, it is often beneficial to employ multiple antibiotic markers to ensure that both genes are present in resultant colonies. | ||
Common types of antibiotics used include ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and the many -mycins, including kanamycin. | Common types of antibiotics used include ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and the many -mycins, including kanamycin. A large range of antibiotic resistances are used as genetic markers. Because of this, each antibiotic resistance is often referred to by a three letter acronym, such as Amp, Tet, Chl, Cam and Kan. Plates containing these antibiotics can be made en mass, and used to grow appropriate cultures of transformed E. coli. | ||
Antibiotic markers are the most popular form of selectable genetic markers. As such, the field is quite large and constantly expanding in order to meet research needs. For instance, <i>Poggi et al.</i> recognized the mutation of antibiotic resistance towards gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and spectinomycin in leptospiral pathogens. The group was able to develop a cassette that included two antibiotic markers, along with a new gentamicin marker. Using multiple antibiotic markers greatly reduces the chance of background colonies that have spontaneously developed antibiotic resistance. | |||
===Herbicidal=== | ===Herbicidal=== | ||
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#Parsons2011 [https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/476269.pdf D. Parsons, M. Tolmasky, P. Chain, B. W. Segelke] | #Parsons2011 [https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/476269.pdf D. Parsons, M. Tolmasky, P. Chain, B. W. Segelke] | ||
//Report by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on a new system for selectable markers | //Report by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on a new system for selectable markers | ||
#Poggi2010 pmid=20511419 | |||
//Multiple antibiotic resistances as selectable genetic markers in Leptospira. | |||
</biblio> | </biblio> | ||
