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===Droplet Microfludics===
===Droplet Microfludics===
Droplet formation is controlled by the formation and deformation of the liquid-liquid interface between the two immiscible phases. There are many forces which acts on droplet formation, but the most prominent among them is the capillary number.<ref name="ten">Jeong, S. (2005). Evaluation of the use of capillary numbers for quantifying the removal of DNAPL trapped in a porous medium by surfactant and surfactant foam floods. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 282(1), 182-187. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.108</ref> The capillary number represents the ratio of viscosity to interfacial tension and with an increase in capillary number, there is a decrease in droplet diameter. To be more specific, spherical droplets form at low capillary values and long liquid plugs at high capillary values ([[Droplet_Microfluidics:_T-Junction_-_Lina_Wu | Droplet Microfluidics: T-Junction]]).<sup>Liu</sup>
Droplet formation is controlled by the formation and deformation of the liquid-liquid interface between the two immiscible phases. There are many forces which acts on droplet formation, but the most prominent among them is the capillary number.<ref name="ten">Jeong, S. (2005). Evaluation of the use of capillary numbers for quantifying the removal of DNAPL trapped in a porous medium by surfactant and surfactant foam floods. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 282(1), 182-187. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.108</ref> The capillary number represents the ratio of viscosity to interfacial tension and with an increase in capillary number, there is a decrease in droplet diameter.<ref name="fourteen">Tice, J. D., Lyon, A. D., & Ismagilov, R. F. (2004). Effects of viscosity on droplet formation and mixing in microfluidic channels. Analytica Chimica Acta, 507(1), 73-77. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.024</ref> To be more specific, spherical droplets form at low capillary values and long liquid plugs at high capillary values ([[Droplet_Microfluidics:_T-Junction_-_Lina_Wu | Droplet Microfluidics: T-Junction]]).<sup>Liu</sup>


Squeezing, dripping, and jetting are other events that occur in droplet microfluidics. In the case of squeezing mode, low capillary numbers are used to produce droplets, in doing so a pressure gradient is formed across the droplet upon being formed. They droplets travel as plugs. In the case of dripping mode, viscous shear stress and interfacial tension compete as the capillary number increases with flow rate and the droplet fluid is broken up along its pathway through the channel. The droplets travel as small drips. Lastly, by increasing the capillary number and forces farther jetting occurs, resulting in droplets traveling as either spheres or plugs ([[Droplet_Microfluidics:_T-Junction_-_Lina_Wu | Droplet Microfluidics: T-Junction]]).<ref name="eight">Ralf Seemann et al 2012 Rep. Prog. Phys. 75 016601. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/75/1/016601</ref>
Squeezing, dripping, and jetting are other events that occur in droplet microfluidics. In the case of squeezing mode, low capillary numbers are used to produce droplets, in doing so a pressure gradient is formed across the droplet upon being formed. They droplets travel as plugs. In the case of dripping mode, viscous shear stress and interfacial tension compete as the capillary number increases with flow rate and the droplet fluid is broken up along its pathway through the channel. The droplets travel as small drips. Lastly, by increasing the capillary number and forces farther jetting occurs, resulting in droplets traveling as either spheres or plugs ([[Droplet_Microfluidics:_T-Junction_-_Lina_Wu | Droplet Microfluidics: T-Junction]]).<ref name="eight">Ralf Seemann et al 2012 Rep. Prog. Phys. 75 016601. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/75/1/016601</ref>
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==References==
==References==
<ref name="thirteen">Zheng, B., Tice, J. D., & Ismagilov, R. F. (2004). Formation of Droplets of Alternating Composition in Microfluidic Channels and Applications to Indexing of Concentrations in Droplet-Based Assays. Analytical Chemistry, 76(17), 4977-4982. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0495743</ref>
<ref name="fourteen">Tice, J. D., Lyon, A. D., & Ismagilov, R. F. (2004). Effects of viscosity on droplet formation and mixing in microfluidic channels. Analytica Chimica Acta, 507(1), 73-77. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.024</ref>


<references />
<references />
1.  Kantzas, A., Bryan, J., & Taheri, S. (n.d.). Capillary Number | Fundamentals of Fluid Flow in Porous Media. Retrieved February 23, 2018, from http://perminc.com/resources/fundamentals-of-fluid-flow-in-porous-media/chapter-2-the-porous-medium/multi-phase-saturated-rock-properties/dominance-capillary-forces-viscous-forces/capillary-number/
2.Guo, H., Dou, M., Hanqing, W., Wang, F., Yuanyuan, G., Yu, Z., . . . Li, Y. (2017). Proper Use of Capillary Number in Chemical Flooding. Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 1-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4307368
3.  Truby, J. M., Mueller, S. P., Llewellin, E. W., & Mader, H. M. (2014). The rheology of three-phase suspensions at low bubble capillary number. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 471(2173), 20140557-20140557.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0557
4.  Ramakrishnan, T. S., & Wasan, D. T. (1986). The Relative Permeability Function for Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media: Effect of Capillary Number. Proceedings of SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium, 48(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.2523/12693-ms
5.  Jeong, S. (2005). Evaluation of the use of capillary numbers for quantifying the removal of DNAPL trapped in a porous medium by surfactant and surfactant foam floods. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 282(1), 182-187. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.108
6.  Lepercq-Bost, E., Giorgi, M., Isambert, A., & Arnaud, C. (2008). Use of the capillary number for the prediction of droplet size in membrane emulsification. Journal of Membrane Science, 314(1-2), 76-89. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.01.023
7.  Ding, M., & Kantzas, A. (2004). Capillary Number Correlations for Gas-Liquid Systems. Canadian International Petroleum Conference, 46(2), 27-32. https://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2004-062
8.  Gerbis, M., Gunter, W. D., & Harwood, J. (n.d.). Introduction CO2 capture and geological storage in energy and climate policy. Global CCS Institute. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
9.  Nilsson, M. A., Kulkarni, R., Gerberich, L., Hammond, R., Singh, R., Baumhoff, E., & Rothstein, J. P. (2013). Effect of fluid rheology on enhanced oil recovery in a microfluidic sandstone device. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 202, 112-119. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2013.09.011
10.  Squires, T. M., & Quake, S. R. (2005). Microfluidics: Fluid physics at the nanoliter scale. Reviews of Modern Physics, 77(3), 977-1026. https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.77.977
11.  Zheng, B., Tice, J. D., & Ismagilov, R. F. (2004). Formation of Droplets of Alternating Composition in Microfluidic Channels and Applications to Indexing of Concentrations in Droplet-Based Assays. Analytical Chemistry, 76(17), 4977-4982. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0495743
12.  Tice, J. D., Lyon, A. D., & Ismagilov, R. F. (2004). Effects of viscosity on droplet formation and mixing in microfluidic channels. Analytica Chimica Acta, 507(1), 73-77. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.024
13.  Madou, M., Zoval, J., Jia, G., Kido, H., Kim, J., & Kim, N. (2006). Lab on a CD. The Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.8.061505.095758
14.  Ralf Seemann et al 2012 Rep. Prog. Phys. 75 016601. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/75/1/016601
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