Optical tweezers

Major components of the optical tweezers

Diode laser

The laser is the most crucial part of an optical tweezers because it is what you use to tweeze things with. I have written a brief description of how to build your own diode laser using off the shelf OEM parts purchased from Thorlabs. The write up can be found here with a parts list here.

The controller we purchased has the capability to control a 1 Watt laser diode and the ability to control a peltier cooler. The diode I've priced out comes from PLT Technology. It's a 1 W 690 nm laser diode in a 9 mm can package. While we purchased one from this company, we haven't received it yet. I have tried to get in touch with the person in charge of our order, but they are stubbornly ignoring me. I think I would very much like to not recommend this company for laser diodes in the future. While they may be cheap, the customer service is terrible and not worth the worry to order from them again.

I have found this company. I sent a quote asking for a 690 nm, 1.2 W diode in the 9 mm package. We will see what happens.

Beam shaping New

The shape of the beam from a laser diode is not spherical. It is more elliptical. While I'm not a fan of Newport's equipment, they do have a brief tutorial on laser diodes that is decent.

If we want the shape of our laser diode beam to be spherical, we will have to introduce optics in our system to do so. The easiest way to change an elliptical beam into a spherical beam is to use an anamorphic prism pair. What these prisms do is magnify the elliptical beam on it's semiminor axis and demagnify the beam on its semimajor axis. The end result is a quasi spherical beam.

Alternatively one can use cylindrical lenses to do the same thing as the prism pair. If you have a collimated elliptical beam, you can use one cylindrical lens to squish the semimajor axis and another one to recollimate it.

Either way, changing the shape of the beam can be done. It just depends on which route your optical system needs to take. Changing the shape of the beam does nothing for the modality of it. We have not decided if we want to do this yet but typical applications of optical tweezers use single mode TEM₀₀ light sources. We can take our multimode laser diode and convert it to a single mode light source at the expense of loosing power. See my section on spatial filtering.

Spatial filtering New

To get rid of higher order modes in a laser beam, one needs to filter the higher orders out of the beam. To do this, we can use either a single mode fiber that only allows the TEM00 mode to propagate through it, or we can use a spatial filter. I have a design for a spatial filter and the parts list can be found below.

I am a fan of spatial filters because they are cheaper than single mode fiber launches and because the optomechanics you use for them can be harvested for other uses if you don't need it anymore. As Alton Brown would say, a single mode fiber launch is a uni-tasker and the only uni-tasker I want in my kitchen is the fire extinguisher.

Unfortunately both a spatial filter and a fiber launch have advantages and disadvantages over each other. If anyone reading this is on the fence about purchasing one, then I'd suggest a pro/con list for your setup.

Spatial Filter

Component	Model Number	Cost	# Needed	CAD Drawing	Sketchup
Mounting Base, 1" x 2.3" x 3/8"	BA1S	$5.13	1	Yes	Yes
Translating TR Post 2" to 2 1/4"	TRT2	$49.50	1	Yes	Yes
Post Holder with Spring-Loaded Thumbscrew, L=3"	PH3-ST	$8.27	1	Yes	Yes
SM1 Series Z Translator	SM1Z	$175.40	1	Yes	Yes
SM1 to 9mm Lens Cell Adapter	S1TM09	$20.10	1	Yes	Yes
Asphere	C220TME-A	$89.00	1	Yes	No
30 mm Cage Plate Adapter	CP02B	$13.70	1	Yes	Yes
30 mm Cage Assembly, XY Translating Lens Mount	HPT1	$161.00	1	Yes	Yes
Ø10 µm Mounted Pinhole	P10S	$59.30	1	Yes	Yes
SM1 Threaded 30 mm Cage Plate	CP02	$15.63	1	Yes	Yes
SM1 Lens Tube, 0.5" Long	SM1L05	$12.59	1	Yes	Yes
Achromat	AC254-075-A1	$71.25	1	Yes	No

Sample translation stage

Our sample stage is custom built using parts purchased from optomechanics companies like Thorlabs and Newport. We had to modify the main stage so that we could attach it to our microscope.

An important reason as to why one would want to mount a stage directly to the microscope is because of vibrations. Apparently you can use the magic hand waving argument about neglecting vibrations if everything you use to detect the sample is connected to one another, i.e. how a stage is attached to the microscope. Something about common mode vibration but that is the extent of my knowledge in the subject.

With that said, we wanted the stage to be customizable and have the ability to attach other optics to it. This lead us to using an aluminum breadboard modified so that it would fit on the microscope. One very nice thing about this plate is that it allows the microscope to retain all its microscopy functionality and it is unobtrusive.

So from my understanding with optical tweezers you want to have the ability to "steer" your beam. There are 3 possibilities to do this and they include: moving the lens of a telescope, using an optical deflector, or using a piezo stage. Using a telescope has the possibility of introducing aberrations and an optical deflector are expensive and they mess with beam quality. So, we opted for using a piezo stage with sub nanometer resolution from Mad City Labs. Going with this option means that we had to design a platform for the PZ to sit on. Again, we used pre-made parts to do this. Originally a design was made to create our own parts but it ended up not fitting properly on the microscope thus wasting lots of man hours machining. This is why I am all about not machining except as a the last resort. You will be surprised to realize that most everything you need to build can be purchase from lots of different companies.

At any rate, the new design ended up using the original design idea which uses a ledge to hold the PZ off of the microscope plate. Below you can see my 3D model of our Sample Translator Plate.

All items save one shown can be purchase from different companies so there is minimal machining involved. The only part that needed to be fully made was the orange one. The yellow one is a modified baseplate from Newport that we only needed to tap 4 holes in. I can't find my diagram for the part I had to completely machine, but once I do find it, I'll post it.

Parts List

Component	Model Number	Cost	# Needed	CAD Drawing	Sketchup
10" x 12" breadboard	MB1012	$164.60	1	Yes	Yes
6" x 12" breadboard	MB612	$124.00	1	Yes	Yes
ø1" x 2" posts	RS2	$20.00	2	Yes	Yes
ø1" x 0.12" spacer	RS01	$6.80	2	Yes	Yes
1" translation stage	426	$428.40	2	Yes	Yes
I used only the top baseplate and tapped 4 holes in it	MB-3	$72.42	1	Yes	[Not yet]
PZ stage	Nano-OP30	A lot!	1	Yes	Yes
[Orange part]	Awesome	Nothing but time	1	[Not yet]	[Not yet]
Diving board rod holder	SMB1	$15.50	2	Yes	Yes
ø3 mm x 6" rods	SR6	$8.70	2	Yes	[No]
ø6 mm x 1" rods	ER1	$5.18	2	Yes	[No]
Right angle rod holder	ER90B	$12.40	2	Yes	Yes

We received the motorized actuators from Edmund yesterday. We got the 28 mm travel linear actuator type. We decided to get these because they came with a LabVIEW program that Larry is going to modify so that we can control them remotely. One nice feature about these guys is that they can be used without computer control. There are no dials to indicate where you are, but I can't see that being too much of a problem since we won't be using them for precision positioning.

They have been mounted in the Newport 426 stages and initial testing of them show that they function properly. Larry just has to figure out how to use the program so that he can modify it for our specific aims.

Condenser & Detector stage

Our microscope is an IX71 from Olympus. We have the standard illumination arm IX2-ILL100 that has M3 screws around the field stop that allows us to mount optics to. We have decided to go with a cage/cube setup that allows us to mount our QPD directly to the illumination arm. See below figure.

^{SJK 01:21, 24 February 2009 (EST)}

01:21, 24 February 2009 (EST)
I love these sketchups more than I do optical breadboards -- you know that means a lot.

A parts list for the setup will hopefully show up below. The nice thing about this setup is that the microscope is not modified in any way shape or form. We can mount one of Thorlabs' 60 mm cubes to the illumination arm by use of an adapter plate. We have not built the adapter plate just yet, but a design for it is below.

Using the cube setup allows us to mount a dichroic to steer our laser onto our QPD. The QPD is then mounted on postitioners that are mounted on a cage plate.

Illuminator arm adapter plate

I flubbed on the dimensions for the illuminator arm adapter plate. Below are the correct dimensions.

Condenser dovetail

I still hate Olympus. Below I have a design for a dovetail adapter plate that has the ability to mount any type of optics to it you want. The thread is an M30 x 0.5 all the way through. I had to go with this one because it was able to thread completely through the dovetail mount. You can purchase thread adapters from Thorlabs. I couldn't use the standard C mount threads because it was too small in diameter and T mounts were too big.

The dovetail is a job for a professional machinist. I could do it, but it would take me a week. I sent the designs to John (our machinist) and we will see what he says.