PCR inhibitors

Schematic of competitive inhibition of an enzyme. Note that active site inhibition is only one of many reasons why a PCR may not work.

Many compounds also contained in the PCR template beside the target DNA can interfere with the polymerisation of nucleotides by the Taq or a related polymerase. This may result in false negative results, i.e. no PCR product even though the template is present.

Mechanisms of inhibition

A multitude of mechanisms can cause a PCR to fail. Binding of an inhibitor to the active site of a DNA polymerase is schematically depicted on the right. Other reasons include sequestration of essentials co-factors like Mg²⁺, e.g. by chelators like EDTA used in TE buffer. Many PCR also fail due to difficult template sequences, for example GC-rich, that cause the polymerisation process to be inefficient or even fail. In many cases, several factor only decrease the efficiency of the PCR but together lead the PCR product falling below the detection threshold.

Inhibitors from the purification process

• alcohols like ethanol and 2-propanol (isopropanol) from DNA template precipitation (Qiagen test of sequencing inhibition by Welters et al. 1997)
• organic solvents like phenol from phenol/chloroform purification (PMID 8136148)
• salts like KCl, NaCl from precipitation
• detergents like SDS,.. from membrane lysis (PMID 2223070)

Inhibitors from the source tissue

• components of blood: heme, hemoglobin, lactoferrin, immunoglobin G (IgG)
• liver, digestive tract, feces: bile salts, polysaccharides
• connective tissue, skin: collagen, melanin
• urine: urea

See Rådström et al. 2004 (PMID 14764939) for a review on how to avoid inhibition from tissue components.

Template inhibition

Since inhibitors often enter the PCR reaction via the template preparation, decreasing template volume may improve PCR results indirectly by reducing the quantity of inhibitors.

See also

• PCR trouble shooting guide by O. Henegariu from Yale
• PCR trouble shooting guide by NEB
• PCR inhibitor at the Wikipedia
• Maheshri:PCR - has some tips on how to avoid inhibition

(stars indicate relevance of the links)

• PCR - general, simple overview of polymerase chain reaction
• PCR techniques - hub page for PCR-based techniques
• Purification of DNA