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Antibiotic markers are the most popular form of selectable genetic markers. As such, the field is quite large and constantly expanding in order to meet research needs. For instance, <i>Poggi et al.</i> recognized the mutation of antibiotic resistance towards gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and spectinomycin in leptospiral pathogens. The group was able to develop a cassette that included two antibiotic markers, along with a new gentamicin marker. Using multiple antibiotic markers greatly reduces the chance of background colonies that have spontaneously developed antibiotic resistance<cite>Poggi2010</cite>. | Antibiotic markers are the most popular form of selectable genetic markers. As such, the field is quite large and constantly expanding in order to meet research needs. For instance, <i>Poggi et al.</i> recognized the mutation of antibiotic resistance towards gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and spectinomycin in leptospiral pathogens. The group was able to develop a cassette that included two antibiotic markers, along with a new gentamicin marker. Using multiple antibiotic markers greatly reduces the chance of background colonies that have spontaneously developed antibiotic resistance<cite>Poggi2010</cite>. | ||
The evolution of antibiotic tolerance and eventual resistance in laboratory bacteria is a potential issue when performing experiments with antibiotic selective markers. A study conducted on <i>E. coli</i> in the effluent of waste-water treatment plants, which employ numerous antibiotics, found antibiotic resistance in 16 of the 24 antibiotics tested<cite>Reinthaler2002</cite>. The researchers also found that effluent from areas that employed antibiotics more frequently, such as hospitals, contained <i>E. coli</i> with proportionally more antibiotic resistance. Resistance to the penicillin, cephalosporin, quinolones, group of antibiotics was especially prevalent, as well as resistance to sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline<cite>Reinthaler2002</cite>. | |||
===Herbicidal=== | ===Herbicidal=== | ||
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#Funke2006 pmid=16916934 | #Funke2006 pmid=16916934 | ||
//Molecular basis of glyphosate resistance. | //Molecular basis of glyphosate resistance. | ||
#Reinthaler2002 pmid=12697213 | |||
//Development of antibiotic resistance in wild-type E. coli. | |||
</biblio> | </biblio> | ||
