IGEM:IMPERIAL/2006/project/Bio elec interface

Biological to Electrical Interface

System level diagram of biological to electrical interface

Specifications

Bio Reporter	Signal Transducer
Expressed by E.coli	Detect Bio reporter
Degradation in medium afterwards. Time needed for degradation should be equal to/less than that of GFP	Specific response to bio reporter only
No other interaction with E.coli processes	Real-time readout
Sufficient expression and secretion of bio reporter in medium for detection by signal transducer	Sufficient sensitivity to detect changes in bio reporter
	Commercially available

Possible Implementation

1. Signal transduction could involve (protein) redox-reactions
2. Antigen/Antibody sensors?
3. Protein sensors
4. Hormone/Neurotransmitter sensors (e.g. serotonin)

Scenario 1:

• E.coli is in a liquid medium
• Some bioprocess triggers production of a bio reporter (protein) in E.coli
• The bio reporter is expelled from the cell into the medium
• A sensor will measure the level of bio reporter (protein) in the medium

Scenario 2:

• E.coli is in a liquid medium
• Some bioprocess triggers productio of a bioreporter (protein) in E.coli
• The bio reporter is expelled from the cell into the medium
• There, the bio reporter (protein/enzyme) breaks down a certain chemical present in the medium
• A commercially available sensor then measures the

a) increase in concentration of the breakdown products or,

b) the decrease in concentratio of the initial chemical

Summary of meeting with Professor Tony Cass

Summary of meeting with Dr. Anna Radomska

Enzymatic pH sensors: Email-correspondance with Anna

<showhide> From: Radomska, Anna
Sent: 01 August 2006 16:34
To: Vohra, Farah
Subject: RE: LB & M9
__HIDER__ <hide> Dear All,

Considering the media compositions that you have just sent to me I would presumed there is a chance for the biosensors I have described to work (with the polymeric membrane pH electrodes as a internal sensors for the enzyme sensor).

The diffusion models of enzymatic pH sensors are the following: model Carasa-Janaty model Moynihana_Wanga model Eddowes model Varanasiego I am sure you can fine in the literature their description and all necessarily equations. However I can provide you also some reference if you want to.

Anna

</hide></showhide>

<showhide> From: Radomska, Anna
Sent: 01 August 2006 18:30
To: Sander, Christin Y M
Subject: RE: Models for enzymatic pH sensors
__HIDER__ <hide> I am so sorry but probably some of names in the particular models were misspelled so therefore you could not find them in the literature. It is a crazy day today. Any way I am sending you some references to the models given earlier. Good luck.

1. model Carasa-Janaty

S.D. Caras at all, Anal. Chem., 57 (1985) 1920 S.D. Caras at all, Anal. Chem., 57 (1985) 1924 S.D. Caras at all, Anal. Chem., 57 (1985) 1917

2. model Moynihan-Wanga H.J. Moynihan, N.H.L. Wang, Biotechnol. Prog., 3 (1987) 90

3. model Eddowes M.J. Eddowes at all, Sens. Actuators, 7 (1985) 15 M.J. Eddowes, Sens. Actuators, 7 (1985) 97 M.J. Eddowes, Sens. Actuators, 11 (1987) 256 G.K. Chandler, M.J. Eddowes, Sens. Actuators, 13 (1988) 223

4. model Varanasi S. Varanasi at all, AIChE J., 33 (1987) 558 S. Varanasi at all, Biosens. Bioelectron., 3 (1988) 269 S.O. Ogundiran at all, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 37 (1991) 160

</hide></showhide>

<showhide> From: Radomska, Anna
Sent: 08 August 2006 10:50
To: Sander, Christin Y M
Subject: RE: Models for enzymatic pH sensors
__HIDER__ <hide>

Hi Christin,

To be honest I do not think so it is possible to reach the sensitivity range you want (nM). Potentiometric methods are known to have the detection limit around 10-6M (especially for the ion-selective electrodes). In some of the cases of ion-selective electrodes you could go up to 10-9M (look in the literature for Pretsch E or Sokalski T) but personally I do not think you can do that for pH-selective sensors. The only one thing that comes into my mind at the moment is e.g. tri-enzyme sensitive electrode. It would be amperometric set-up and so you could go much lower in the limit of detection. The path of determination would be e.g.

choline esterase converts butyryl choline into butyric acid and choline in presence of water. Then choline is transformed in the presence of oxygen and choline oxidase into betaine and hydrogen peroxide. Then H2O2 is converted using peroxidase into water. Of course H2O2 is a electrochemically detectable.

I send you an example of paper were researches used that pathway. You would have to adjust it to your own expectations. It is just of an idea but maybe it could be useful for your purpose.

Anna </hide></showhide> Paper on tri-enzyme electrode

<showhide> From: Radomska, Anna
Sent: 09 August 2006 17:08
To: Sander, Christin Y M
Subject:
__HIDER__ <hide>

Hi Christin,

I am sorry for a late answer but I have been a bit busy. Any way back to our business...As far as I remember the way to obtain the tri-enzymatic sensor was not that complicated (it is doable). Of course there is a danger that procedure could not work as more enzyme incorporated into the biosensors means more complications to get all the enzymes working also sensitivity will be diminish comparing to single enzyme biosensors. You should be aware of these problems. However personally I think that if you strictly follow the procedure of getting tri-enzyme sensor which was presented in the paper I have sent to you have a great chance to obtain positive results. Of course 4 weeks time it is plenty of time to build that type of sensor (probably you can do that over couple of hours only). The enzymes you need should be ordered as soon as possible so you could get them by mail in few days time. As for enzymes ordering please be carefull and check for the references in the recommended paper as well as it is very important to order exactly what they were using in their research work.

Good luck

Anna </hide></showhide>

<showhide> From: Radomska, Anna
Sent: 16 August 2006 15:02
To: Vohra, Farah
Subject: RE:
__HIDER__ <hide>

Hello Farah,

According to my knowledge the lowest in the limit of detection you could go for potentiometric sensors is around 10-7M (there are reported some sensors for which detection limit is around 10-9M or 10-11M but it is not for the case of hydrogen ions). For the detection using optical fibres (with fluorescence dye) the detection limit is similar. If I was you I would probably start from simple glass electrode.

Anna

PS I had one thought more that maybe you could use the amperometric pH measurements. In such a case you could go with LOD a bit lower. I attached some papers to my email so you can have a look and decide what would be better suited for you. </hide></showhide> Urea biosensor based on amperometric pH-sensing with hematein as a pH-sensitive redox mediator
Amperometric pH-sensing biosensors for urea, penicillin, and oxalacetate

Further Reading

• pH-based enzyme potentiometric sensors. Part 1. Theory
• pH-based enzyme potentiometric sensors. Part 2. Glucose-sensitive field effect transistor
• pH-based enzyme potentiometric sensors. Part 3. Penicillin-sensitive field effect transistor
• Response of an enzyme-modified pH-sensitive ion selective device; consideration of the influence of the buffering capacity of the analyte solution
• Response of an enzyme-modified pH-sensitive ion-selective device; experimental study of a glucose oxidase-modified ion-sensitive field effect transistor in buffered and unbuffered aqueous solution
• Response of an enzyme-modified pH-sensitive ion-selective device; analytical solution for the response in the presence of pH buffer

Commercially Available Enzymes

Sites for commercially available enzymes:

1. www.sigmaaldrich.com
2. www.biozyme.com

The biosensor we're looking at now requires three different enzymes: an esterase, oxidase and peroxidase.

A Japanese company called Amano Enzyme can provide us with acylase and peroxidase and we can maybe use L-gulonolactone oxidase as an oxidase for the sensor.

Meeting with Anna on 16/08/06

Discussion with Anna on the probability of the above enzymes working for our system led to the suggestion of using the following reaction: L-galactono-1,4-lactone + O2 = L-ascorbate + H2O2, instead of L-gulonolactone oxidase. L-galactono-1,4-lactone is similar in structure to HSL and has a higher probability of breaking down HSL in our reaction. However, the reaction may still be too specific to use. The acylase, however, should work.

The failure to find appropriate enzymes to make the tri-enzyme approach work means we'll have to use a different approach. Originally, we hoped to use a sensor that could directly measure [AHL] within the liquid medium containing our oscillator system. There have been various method discussed for achieving this such as a bio-luminescent sensor or a tri-enzyme electrode. Unfortunately they all seem a little too complicated considering our time constraints.

As a practical alternative, we discussed transferring samples of [AHL] from our medium into another medium containing a certain concentration of enzyme and measuring the resulting pH changes using a standard pH sensor such as a glass or optical electrode. These sensors are more likely to be able to detect within our desired pH range (pH 5-10).

Anna's offered to compare the two electrodes to give us a better idea as to which would be better to use. Watch this space for further updates!