BISC219/F12: Gene Linkage

Series 1 Links:
Worm Info
Lab 2: Sex-Linked or Autosomal Finale

Complete the Lab Entry Survey

Please click on the following link and complete the lab entry survey, preferably BEFORE you come to Lab 1.

Your participation in this 10 minute survey will help us make adjustments to the course over the next year. Thank you!

Lab 1: Becoming a "Worm Wrangler"

Today we will:

1. Observe the video that shows examples of some mutant strains as well as showing wild-type males and larvae.
2. Learn to recognize: males and hermaphrodite larval stages.
3. Practice moving worms from one plate to another.
4. Set up your first set of crosses to examine the inheritance differences between autosomal and X-linked mutations.

Making a Worm Pick

You will acquire the most important tool of worm wrangling, the worm pick, from your instructor. The worm pick consists of a pasteur pipette and a ridiculously expensive piece of platinum wire. You must keep track of your worm pick and mend it yourself if it breaks. If you return the pick to us at the end of the semester, you will NOT be charged $10 (to help defray the cost of replacing the wire).

Directions for Making and Repairing a Worm Pick
Making/repairing a worm pick is a fairly easy task. It involves the expensive piece of platinum wire, a very cheap glass pipette and heat (flame). The key here is NOT to burn yourself making the pick - the glass and the wire become VERY HOT - you melt the glass to the platinum.

1. Find your platinum wire and obtain a glass Pasteur pipette (there should be a box in the back of lab where our extra supplies are kept).
2. Using tweezers, insert about 3-4 millimeters of wire into the small hole at the end of the pipette.
3. Hold the region where the wire and pipette meet over open flame until the glass melts to the wire and seals the open end completely. This should take less than a minute. WARNING - the wire and glass are VERY HOT at this point.
4. After a minute or so gently tug the wire with tweezers to be sure it is attached securely to the pipette.
5. Wrap a piece of your team's tape around the top end of your new worm pick.
6. Write your name and lab day on the tape.
7. With a diamond pencil (see instructor) flatten the tip of your worm pick wire into a "shovel" shape. Ask for help if you need it.
8. Flame the end of your pick
9. Happy worm farming!

If your wire happens to fall out of the pick or become loose during the semester, which is likely, just repeat the above steps with a new glass pipette and the same piece of wire.

FAQ: Why does the wire have to be platinum? Platinum heats up and cools off very quickly which means you sterilize the tip easily between picking and you don't kill the worms when you pick the next ones after sterilizing because your pick is too hot!

To Do Today: Worm Wrangling

Each of you needs to become facile worm wranglers. The more you do today to acquire the skills needed to quickly and successfully recognize and manipulate the appropriate stage and class of worm, the more successful your experiments will be. Recognize that there is a significant learning curve to acquiring these skills ; therefore, please, don't be frustrated if you are slow or aren't 100% successful today at the tasks we have described below. By the end of the semester, you will be astonished at how fast and facile you are at these manipulations! The more you practice, the better your crosses will be in the final step of your work today. So take your time with this part of today's work. It is crucial that you get confident and comfortable with recognizing worm stages (particularly L3 and L4's), differentiating males from hermaphrodites, and knowing which are wild type worms and which are single or double mutants. You can do it!

After you have made your worm pick, find a plate of N2 (wild type) worms for you and your partner to share.

• Identify all the stages of worm development: egg, L1, L2, L3, L4, young adult, mature adult. Pay particular attention to the L3 and L4 stages and BE SURE that you can differentiate those from more immature and from adult worms. Use the pictures of worm stages in the Worm Info section of the wiki to guide you.
  
• Within the adult and L4 worm populations, identify males and differentiate them from hermaphrodites. Use the pictures of them in the Worm Info section of the wiki as a guide. BE SURE you can pick out males and L3 and L4 worms from a mixed population before you move on.
• Get a new plate of media seeded with E. coli strain OP50 bacteria (worm food). Practice picking worms from one plate to this new plate. It is very important not to gouge the media as the worms will burrow into it and not be easy to find later for scoring or to use for other crosses. The best way to do transfer (pick) worms is to flame your worm pick, touch the bottom of the shovel end lightly to the bacterial food (it acts as glue), and then touch your pick to a worm you want to select. Move the pick over to the new media and touch lightly in the center of the new plate to remove the worm. Observe to see if the worm is on the new plate and moving. FLAME your worm pick!
• Acquire a plate of unc and dpy mutant worms for you and your partner to share. Differentiate Unc & Dpy (phenotype) single and double mutants from wild type in the adult and the late larval stages.

Now you are ready to set up some crosses and start your first investigation!

Autosomal vs. X-linked Genes

In Series 1, a brief investigation that you will start today and finish in Lab 2, you will perform a number of crosses to illustrate important genetic concepts. Recessive X-linked mutations are expressed differently in males (C. elegans males are XO) versus females or hermaphrodites (XX). WHY? Think about hemizygosity. In the case of C. elegans, when a hermaphrodite is mated with wild type males, the male progeny receive their single X chromosome from the maternal parent. If the X chromosome carries a mutation, all male progeny will express the maternal mutant phenotype, while the crossprogeny hermaphrodites will be phenotypically wild type. Recessive autosomal mutations, on the other hand, are not expressed in any of the F1 progeny. Why not?

Series 1 will also show that linked genes segregate differently than unlinked genes; that is, unlinked genes should give us expected ratios for dihybrid inheritance (such as 9 wild type: 3 mutant A: 3 mutant B: 1 double mutant or testcross 1 wild type: 1 mutant A: 1 mutant B: 1 double mutant), whereas linked genes will produce ratios that depart from those of dihybrid inheritance.

To test these concepts, you will cross wild-type males with three different mutant strains, all showing dumpy and uncoordinated phenotype (Dpy Unc). The dpy and unc mutations are autosomal and linked (on the same chromosome) in one strain, autosomal and unlinked (on different chromosomes) in another strain, and in the third strain, one of the mutations is autosomal and the other is X-linked. Your task is to sort these strains out. This task will be accomplished experimentally by making a series of double heterozygotes and examining the progeny from those heterozygotes (self-progeny).

Background Information on Genetic Manipulations

General Instructions for Setting up and Scoring Matings:
To start a mating, you will place 4 to 5 young adult (or L4) males on a plate with 4 young adult (or L4) hermaphrodites. We will use plates seeded with a very small drop of OP50 bacteria for our crosses. These seeded plates have been prepared for you by our hard working lab specialists. If you were working as an investigator in a worm lab, you would be doing this preparatory work yourself, including growing the bacteria to be used as "worm food", pouring the agar into sterile plates, and seeding those plates with the bacteria. Yes, you should appreciate that this has been done for you! When setting up a mating, it is important to use only a small central area of the plate. Doing so helps our worms find each other quickly and helps insure a successful mating of the parental generation. In the F1 progeny, any self-cross progeny produced by the parental hermaphrodite must be distinguished from outcross progeny. Generally, the hermaphrodite is homozygous for a visible marker and the progeny from self-crossing will show the same phenotype as the hermaphrodite, while progeny from a cross with a wild type male (outcross) will be heterozygous for the maternal marker and thus appear wild type if the mutation is recessive. When no other way is available to distinguish selfcross from outcross progeny, only males are scored. It is the outcross progeny of a mating that are of interest; essentially, all male progeny are crossprogeny. For this reason it is critical than the male transfer not be contaminated with any eggs or hermaphrodites, as they will be confused with crossprogeny.

When the male progeny from a cross are scored, remember that the parental males remain on the plate (usually 3 or 4 animals). These males will be the oldest and largest males and should not be scored among progeny phenotypes. Generally, the parental males are no longer fertile by the time the cross is scored.

In cases where male progeny are to be used for a subsequent cross, care must be taken to use the young adult males and to avoid the parental males, since only the young males will carry the marker of interest.

In cases where outcrossed hermaphrodite progeny are required, only L4 hermaphrodites are picked since adult hermaphrodite progeny will not be virgin: adults will have mated with sibling males.

Scoring Phenotypic Ratios
Since worms crawl constantly around the plate, the only reliable method of counting animals is to remove them from the plate as they are scored. Individuals can be picked up with the wire pick and incinerated in the flame. Many investigators prefer to count one phenotypic class at a time. Unless you have a very good memory it is probably best to jot down sub-totals several times while scoring a plate. In general, populations are scored after four days of incubation at 20°C. At this time virtually all F1 progeny are adults, while small larvae on the plate represent second generation progeny and are not scored.

To Do in Lab Today (per group)

1. Examine the four plates: MB1, MB2, MB3 and wild type males. In your notebook record phenotypic information about these worms. Drawings may help!
   
2. Transfer 3-4 L4 or young adult males onto each of 3 cross plates.
   
3. Label the cross plate using your GREEN Sharpie. Make sure the labeling on each plate is on the side (NOT THE LID) with the cross scheme: wild type ♂ X (strain name) hermaphrodite (H). DO NOT USE TAPE - this will prevent you from being able to observe your worms.
   
4. Add 4 or 5 L4 mutant hermaphrodites to the cross plate.(These worms should still have the "clearing" at the center where the vulva is developing.) Because these mutant strains of worms do not move well, they tend to form piles of worms. GENTLY spread the piles out with your worm pick to find L4 worms to transfer.
   
5. Repeat for each of the other 2 mutant strains.
6. Put an elastic around the three plates.
7. Put the plates in your group's plastic box. Make sure the box is labeled with your team color, your names, and your lab section.
8. Put the box in the incubator on your lab section's designated shelf.
9. Incubate your crosses at 23°C for 3 days.
   

You will end up with three crosses of wild type males with different mutants (refer to the introductory comments on crossing) - remember that it is essential that the ONLY wild type animals on the cross plates are males.

To Do Outside of Lab on the 3rd day

1. Before examining your cross progeny, in your lab notebook create a diagram of each cross with predictions for the phenotype expected for the F1 progeny (both hermaphrodites and males) if your mutations are both autosomal or if one or both are X-linked. (You will make another copy of these cross diagrams to submit as homework and include in this homework the expected F2 generation of the self-cross you will set up on day 3. See the assignment information and a template provided for more explicit instructions.)
   
2. Examine the F1 progeny of each cross. Do you have cross progeny (phenotypically wild type) that signifies your cross was successful? If so, look for the presence of males. The hallmark of a successful cross is 30-50% male progeny. These should be wild type unless the dpy or unc mutation is X-linked. HINT the mutant worms that are significant, if found, will be smaller than the others and look like sticks.
   
3. Take a few photos of representative worms of each strain. Make sure you have at least one good picture of each strain to use as evidence for your conclusions. Directions for using the NikonSM1500 microscope and camera can be found in the Resources section of the wiki or downloadable as a .doc file: BISC219/F12: How to Use the NikonSM1500
4. When you have formed your conclusion about which strain has an X-linked mutation and whether it is the dumpy or the uncoordinated phenotype that comes from an X-linked gene, make note of your findings in your notebook and email your lab instructor with your preliminary ID of the X-linked mutation (dpy or unc)and its strain name (MB1, MB2, or MB3).
5. Transfer two wild-type L3 or L4 hermaphrodites from each of the plates of the strains that you have determined are NOT sex-linked (meaning the dpy and unc mutations are autosomal). We know that two of the three strains lack a sex-linked mutation and in those strains, one has linked autosomal mutations (dpy unc/+ + ) and the other has unlinked autosomal mutations: dpy/+; unc/+.
   Once you have identified which of the strains has the sex-linked mutation, you need not carry it further to the F2 generation, but just in case you did not identify the sex-linked strain correctly, it would be wise to transfer a couple of wild type L3 or L4 hermaphrodites from that strain to a new plate after you set up the other two strain transfers. (You can always discard the x-linked strain progeny, if you do not need them when we score the automosomal strains.)
6. To guarantee that all progeny are self progeny, make certain that you have transferred only L4 hermaphrodite animals - after you transfer, make certain that there are no other animals on the plate.
   
7. Incubate at 23°C until your next class period.
   

Assignment

Always Check the Weekly Lab Planner (below the Calendar) at Calendar/ Lab Planner to find out what accomplish before the next lab. It is equally or more important to check the the | Assignment Section of the wiki for the link to the written work you must submit at the beginning of Lab 2. A complete description of your first assignment with a grading rubric is found at BISC219/F12: Assignment 1 Lab1.