Bertan Associates Inc. Power Supply Model 313B (0-3000V, 0-10mADC)
Harrison Laboratories Power Supply Model 6207A (0-160V, 0-0.2A)
Canberra 2058 Delay Module
Ortec 567 TAC/SCA Module
Harshaw NQ-75 NIM Bin
Photomultiplier Tube (PMT)
Tektronix TDS 1002 Oscilloscope
LED circuit
BNC Cables
Safety
Before we begin, some points of safety must be noted:
First and foremost your safety comes first and then the equipments'
Check the cords, cables, and machinery in use for any damage or possible electrocution points on fuses of machinery by making sure the power cords' protective grounding conductor must be connected to ground
Be careful when handling the photomultiplier tube (PMT) (it can be ruined in ambient light when at operating voltages)
Be careful when handling the Harrison Laboratories 6207A Power Supply when the capacitor plates are fully charged, even when unplugged wait for it to discharge for it may be a source of electrical shock
Make sure the areas containing and around the experiment are clear of obstacles
Purpose
The purpose of this lab is to measure the speed of light, [math]\displaystyle{ c\,\! }[/math] using short pulses of light and a high speed detector in a direct time of flight measurement over distances of one to two meters. Speed Of Light Introduction
Brief Description of Light
Light, in physics, is described as electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength consisting of photons (tiny packets of energy with both a wavelike and particle-like property, called wave-particle duality). The speed of light [math]\displaystyle{ c\,\! }[/math] in vacuum is currently accepted as [math]\displaystyle{ 299,792,458 m/s \,\! }[/math]. The speed of light is constant in every reference frame between particles. The speed of light appears to slow down through particles; the reason for this is the displacement of energy through which subatomic particles, such as electrons, are excited. Light can be measured by its intensity, frequency (or wavelength), polarization, and/or phase. Wiki on Light
Setup & Procedure
Note: Alex and I used the same set up and procedure. This is a direct copy of it. [1]
We first connected all elements of our experiment with our BNC cables.
The "-HQ" connection of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) to the Bertan Power Supply (PSU).
The "A" connection of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) to the top input of the delay module.
The output of the delay module to a BNC T-splitter
One side connected to the channel 1 input on the oscilloscope
The other to the "Stop" input of the Time-Amplitude Converter (TAC).
The "Start" input of the TAC to the cable attached to the LED.
The power cable for the LED to the Harrison PSU.
The output of the TAC to the channel 2 input of the oscilloscope.
We then had to varify that all of our equipment was on the correct setting
For the Bertan power supply:
Top polarity switch on negative
2000 volts
Voltage adjustment to 400
For the the delay module
Delay equal to 9 ns.
The Ortec Time-Amplitude Converter (TAC)
The range at 100 ns
The multiplier to 1
Start and stop switches to "anti"
The output switch to "out."
The Harrison PSU
190 volts
We then turned our entire set up on and witnessed the delay between the LED circuit triggering and the PMT measuring the LED's pulse
We measured this delay using the TAC
We were then able to convert the measured voltage to be the response time.
By measuring this voltage at different points, we were able to calculate the difference and divide by the distance to find the speed of the incident light.
Here we've found our best guess as well as the maximum and minimum range of values for the measured speed of light.
The percentage error of our average measured value relative to the accepted value of the speed of light [math]\displaystyle{ c_{accepted}=299,792,458 m/s \,\! }[/math] can be calculated as:
The meter stick was placed in an odd way in which each distance measurement had originated from a value of [math]\displaystyle{ +0.8 mm }[/math] more than a rounded measurement (i.e. instead of reading 60 cm off of the meter stick we had to read 60.8 cm)
The PMT had to be manually adjusted so that the polarizers would align; this was to decrease the intensity of light approaching the PMT in order to have consistent data with the time walk effect (time walk effect is due to differing voltage peaks on oscilloscope, therefore different trigger levels)
Note:For a better explanation of the time walk effect please refer to Tom Mahony's Lab Notebook which explains this in greater detail.
Other Error:
Due to the fact that zooming into the graphs of the oscilloscope was not possible, our data may vary due to the level of precision we were allowed for measuring the intensity of light coming through for each trial