User:Jarle Pahr/Sequencing: Difference between revisions
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[http://www.broadinstitute.org/scientific-community/science/programs/medical-and-population-genetics/haploview/haploview Haploview] | [http://www.broadinstitute.org/scientific-community/science/programs/medical-and-population-genetics/haploview/haploview Haploview] | ||
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup | |||
=Sequencing services= | =Sequencing services= |
Revision as of 17:14, 27 March 2013
http://nucleicacids.bitesizebio.com/articles/how-to-get-great-dna-sequencing-results/
http://barricklab.org/twiki/bin/view/Lab/ProceduresPrimerDesign
http://www.ki.se/kiseq/KIGene%20troubleshooting.pdf
Nature focus issue - sequencing technology: http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v30/n11/index.html
Technologies
For a comparison of next-generation sequencing methods, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna_sequencing#Next-generation_methods
Sanger sequencing (chain termination method)
Pyrosequencing ("454 sequencing")
Pyrosequencing is a "sequence by synthesis" method developed by Mostafa Ronaghi and Pål Nyrén at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. Sequences are determined by observation of light emission upon addition of a nucleotide complementary to the first unpaired nucleotide of the template.
Quote from Wikipedia:Pyrosequencing:
"ssDNA template is hybridized to a sequencing primer and incubated with the enzymes DNA polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, luciferase and apyrase, and with the substrates adenosine 5´ phosphosulfate (APS) and luciferin."
Sequencing proceeds as follows:
- Addition of one of the four dNTPs (dATPαS is substituted for ATP, as the former is not a substrate for luciferase). If the dNTP is complementary, DNA polyerase incorporates the nucleotide, releasing pyrophosphate (PPi).
- ATP sulfurylase catalyzes reaction of PPi and adenosine 5' phosphosulfate to create ATP
- ATP fuels luciferase-catalyzed conversion of luciferin to oxyluceferin, generating visible light.
- Unincorporated nucleotides and ATP are degraded by apyrase.
454 sequencing performs massively parallel pyrosequencing. Library DNA containing adapter sequences are adsorbed to DNA-capturing beads. The DNA bound to each bead is then amplified by emulsion-PCR, in which the beads with bound DNA are mixed with PCR reagents and emulsion oil to create a water-in-oil emulsion containing many "microreactors" consisting of beads sorrounded by water. Following PCR amplification, the DNA-binding beads are isolated and deposited into the wells of a microtiter plate. Beads with pyrosequencing enzymes are then added to the plate. Finally, the pyrosequencing is performed, processing the plate in a sequencing machine. 400 000+ DNA fragments/beads can be processed per plate.
Using "multiplex identifiers", different genomic libraries can be bar-coded, facilitating sequencing of several libraries in the same sequencing run.
Platforms:
Platform | Throughput (bases/run) | Time per run | Average (a)/mode (m) read length (nt) | Accuracy | Introduced (year) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GS FLX+ | 700 Mbp | 23h | Up to 1000 | 700 bp (m) | |
GS Junior | 35Mbp | 12 h | 400 | 400 bp (a) at Phred20/read |
GS FLX:
References:
Introductory paper, 454 sequencing: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16056220?dopt=Abstract&holding=npg
http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/Education-resources/Education-and-learning/animations/dna/wtx056046.htm
The development and impact of 454 sequencing
Overview of 454 sequencing: http://classes.soe.ucsc.edu/bme215/Spring09/PPT/BME%20215-5.pdf
Illumina (Solexa) sequencing
http://www.illumina.com/technology/sequencing_technology.ilmn
Platform | Throughput (bases/run) (maximum) | Time per run | Read length (nt) | Accuracy | Features | Introduced (year) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MiSeq Personal Sequencer | Up to 8.5 gbp | 4 - 48 h | 250 | >70% bases higher than Q30 at read length 2 x 300 bp | ||
HiSeq 2500/1500 | 600 Gb | 2 x 100 | >80 % higher than Q30 | |||
HiSeq 2000/1000 | 300 Gb | 2 x 100 | >80 % higher than Q30 | |||
Genome Analyzer IIx | 95 Gb | 2 x 150 | >80 % higher than Q30 |
MiSeq datasheet: http://www.illumina.com/documents/products/datasheets/datasheet_miseq.pdf
Side by side comparison of Illumina sequencers: http://www.illumina.com/systems/sequencing.ilmn
Illumina - an introduction to NGS: http://www.illumina.com/Documents/products/Illumina_Sequencing_Introduction.pdf
Ion semiconductor sequencing
Ion Torrent: http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/brands/Ion-Torrent.html?cid=fl-iontorrent Platforms:
Platform | Throughput (bases/run) | Time per run | Typical read length | Accuracy | Introduced (year) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ion PGM sequencer | 10 Mb to 1Gb | 90 min+ | 35-400 bp | ||
Ion Proton sequencer | 1 human genome | 2h+ | 100 bp |
Nanopore sequencing
Oxford Nanopore: http://www.nanoporetech.com/
Single molecule real time sequencing (Pacific Biosciences)
Microscopical wells on a chip (zero-mode waveguides) each contain a single DNA polymerase enzyme bound to the bottom of the well, which accept a single DNA molecule as template. Fluorescent labelled dNTPs are used for DNA synthesis. Upon incorporation of a dNTP, the fluorescence tag is cleaved from the nucleotide and diffuses from the observation area within the ZMW. The sequence is determined optically by observing incorporation events.
http://www.pacificbiosciences.com/
SOLiD sequencing (Applied Biosystems)
DNA nanoball sequencing
http://www.completegenomics.com/services/technology/
Concepts
Targeted sequencing
Targeted "capturing kits" may be used to sequence a subset of genomic DNA. The human exome (as defined by the Consensus CDS (CCDS) project) totals about 38 Mb, covering about 1.22 % of the human genome
(The SureSelect Human All Exon Kit )
Paired-end reads
Haplotypes
See also:
http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/originhaplotype.html.en
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup
Sequencing services
Service | Sample specification | Primer specification | Ship to | Link |
---|---|---|---|---|
GATC LightRun | Add 5 uL DNA (80-100 ng/uL plasmid or 20-80 ng/uL purified PCR product) + 5 uL 5uM (5 pmol/uL) primer to the same tube | Tm 52-58 C, 17-19 bp, (8-9 G+C for 18-mer) G or C at 3' end (max 3 Gs or Cs), maximum 4bp run. | GATC Biotech AG. European Custom Sequencing Centre. Gotrfied-Hagen-Strasse 20. 51105 Köln. | http://www.gatc-biotech.com/en/lp4/new-lightrun-sequencing.html |
Macrogen Single-pass | Add 20 uL DNA (100 ng/uL plasmid or 50 ng/uL purified PCR product) to one tube. Add 20µl primer (10 pmol/uL) to a separate tube. | 18-25 bp, 40-60 % GC, Tm 55-60 | Macrogen Europe,
IWO, Kamer IA3-195, Meibergdreef 39,1105 AZ Amsterdam Zuid-oost. Netherlands. Attention: J.S .Park. |
http://dna.macrogen.com/eng/support/seq/seq_submission.jsp |
Sequencing-based techniques
ChIP-sequencing
Sequencing centres
New York Genome Center: http://nygenome.org/
Primers
Custom primers
Name | Length (bp) | Sequence | Tm (C) [calculated] | Tm (C) [Analytical] | GC (% / bp) | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pJP-1_seq5 | 18 | CAGCGTGCGAGTGATTAT | 53.9/60.6 (2)/52.6 (3) | 50 | Binds upstream of XylS region in pSB-M1g | |
pJP-1_seq6 | 18 | AGACCACATGGTCCTTCT | 57.5° (2)/52.8 ºC(3) | 53.9 | 50 | Binds near end of GFPmut3 in pSB-M1g |
SeqMG1 | AGCAGATCCACATCCTTGAA | 62.7 (2)/53.7 (3) | Binds at nt 5672 of pSB-M1g, upstream of AgeI site. Designed to Macrogen sequencing primer criteria. | |||
pSB-SeqA | 18 | TGCAAGAAGCGGATACAG | 56 / 60.7°C (2)/52.3 ºC (3) | 50 | Binds at nt 7729 of pSB-M1g, upstream of Pm promoter and PciI site. |
Universal primers
http://www.generi-biotech.com/sequencing-universal-seguencing-primers/ http://www.synthesisgene.com/tools/Universal-Primers.pdf http://www.genewiz.com/public/universalprimers.aspx https://secure.eurogentec.com/product/research-universal-primers.html
Tm calculations:
1: CloneManager
2: Thermo Scientific
3: IDT Oligoanalyzer
A tale of three next generation sequencing platforms: comparison of Ion Torrent, Pacific Biosciences and Illumina MiSeq sequencers
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/341
Software
Chromatogram viewers: http://www.dnaseq.co.uk/chrom_view.html
CodonCode aligner: http://www.codoncode.com/aligner/
BioEdit: http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/bioedit.html
FinchTV: http://www.geospiza.com/Products/finchtv.shtml
About SCF (sequence chromatogram format) files: http://staden.sourceforge.net/manual/formats_unix_2.html
https://wiki.nci.nih.gov/display/TCGA/Sequence+trace+files
http://code.google.com/p/seqtrace/
http://www.phrap.com/background.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrap
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47537/
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/autoseq/1999-April/001368.html
SAM tools: http://samtools.sourceforge.net/
Maq: Mapping and Assembly with Qualities
See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequence_alignment_software
Sequencing quality and standards:
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/autoseq/1999-April/001366.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phred_quality_score
Sequencing projects
File formats
Sequence Alignment/Map (SAM) format: "A generic format for storing large nucleotide sequence alignments". Tab-delimited text format consisting of a header section (optional) and an alignment section.
http://samtools.sourceforge.net/
http://samtools.sourceforge.net/SAM1.pdf
See also http://compbio.soe.ucsc.edu/sam.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19505943
Binary Compressed Sam format/Binary Alignment Format (BAM):
Binary, compressed file format containing the same information as SAM files.
From https://wiki.nci.nih.gov/display/TCGA/Binary+Alignment+Map : "Centers align sequence reads to a reference genome to produce a Sequence Alignment Map (SAM) format file. The SAM file is then converted into a binary form, or Binary-sequence Alignment Format (BAM) file"
See also http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/bam.html
Variant Call Format (VCF):
Standard created by the 1000 Genomes Project.
http://www.1000genomes.org/wiki/Analysis/Variant%20Call%20Format/vcf-variant-call-format-version-41
From http://www.ensembl.org/info/website/upload/large.html :
"The VCF format is a tab delimited format for storing variant calls and and individual genotypes. It is able to store all variant calls from single nucleotide variants to large scale insertions and deletions."
ABI (Applied Biosystems) format:
FASTQ:
FASTQ files encode identified nucleotides together with their corresponding quality scores. The interpretation of the quality scores may vary depending on the source of the sequence, but the most used is the "Sanger format" (Phred quality scores).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTQ_format
http://maq.sourceforge.net/fastq.shtml
http://www.bioperl.org/wiki/FASTQ_sequence_format
http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/6/1767.full
Bibliography
nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/1/e1.full?sid=e66b42ac-a309-47cf-8cd1-94e1229a098e#ref-12
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/cmb.2011.0201
Comparison of variant-calling software
Commentary
The state of NGS variant calling - Don't panic: http://blog.goldenhelix.com/?p=1725