User:Alexi Fitch/Notebook/Biology 210 at AU

2/16/14

Lab 3

The purpose of this lab was to understand common characteristics of bacteria, and to observe the bacteria that grow with antibiotics present, and also to understand how DNA sequencing can identify an individual species. This lab will help to identify some of the bacterial species present in the transect and that grew in the hay culture.

Procedure I

• Check the Hay infusion culture and note any changes.
• Count the total number of colonies on each plate and record

Procedure II

• Answer questions about antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Procedure III

• Obtain a prepared slide with different types of bacteria, observe the using all microscope objectives including the oil immersion
• Pick four colony samples from the agar plates, two from the regular agar plates, and two from the agar plus tetracycline.
• Prepare a wet mount and a gram stain of the cells and observe under the microscope.
• To make the wet mount use a sterile loop to scrape a piece of the growth and mix it with a drop of water on a slide. Make a second slide with the same colony, but let it dry.
• Observe wet mount under 10x then 40x
• Gram stain each of the four colonies selected
  • Label slides, heat the air dried slide through flame
  • Cover smear with crystal violet for 1 minute, rinse
  • Cover smear with Gram’s iodine mordant for 1 minute, rinse
  • Flood smear with 95% alcohol for 10-20 seconds, rinse
  • Blot excess water
  • Observe under microscope

Procedure IV

• Select one of the two agar colonies and one of the two antibiotic resistant colonies
• Selectively amplify the 16S rRNA gene
• Transfer colony of bacteria to 100 microliters of water in a sterile tube
• Incubate at 100 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes, centrifuge
• Use 5 microliters of the supernatant liquid in the PCR reaction for next week

Data

Important observations

• Water in hay infusion is less smelly, the water is also less cloudy and much of the water has evaporated, over half. There are a lot of algae growing up on the sides.
• The appearance and smell can change week by week because many different organisms are originally present in the hay infusion, and over time certain bacteria take over the environment and others die, especially as the water evaporates and the habitat decreases for the organisms that were originally present.

Figure 1: This table shows the number of colonies formed based on the dilutions.

• The tetracycline colonies were very orange, whereas the nutrient agar only colonies had some orange, but there was also blue and yellow. Most of the colonies were round; some were cream colored with a yellow center on the 10-9 agar.
• Many more colonies appeared in the agar without tetracycline.
• Only one visible species of bacteria was unaffected by the tetracycline. They had an orange coloration and the colonies were round.

Figure 2: This table shows a description of the colonies taken to make the gram stain

• Tetracycline works by inhibiting the protein synthesis of bacteria. It binds specifically to the 30S ribosome of the bacteria. This prevents the aminoacyl tRNA from attaching to the RNA-ribosome complex. Tetracycline doesn’t directly kill bacteria it inhibits it. Tetracycline is effective against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, spirochetes and large viruses.

Figure 3: This is an image of cells from the 10-9 agar dish without tetracycline and before it was gram stained. The clumps that are visible are clumps of bacteria stuck within a gel like substance.

Figure 4: This image shows the cells from the 10-7 agar dish without tetracycline. This is before it was gram stained and the bacteria are moving with the flow of the liquid they are in.

Figure 5: This image shows the cells from the 10-7 agar dish with tetracycline. This is before it was gram stained and the bacteria are moving with the flow of the liquid they are in.

Figure 6: This image shows the gram stain negative of the 10-9 agar dish

Figure 7: This image shows the gram stain negative of the 10-7 agar dish

Figure 8: This image shows the gram stain negative of the 10-7 agar with tetracycline dish

Conclusion:

This lab showed the diversity and complexity of the minuscule world and adequately demonstrated how gram negative and positive testing worked. in the future it would be interesting to study exactly why the bacteria present in the individual agar plus tetracycline was resistant to tetracycline. What characteristics made it resistant?

Source Klajn, R. "Tetracycline - Antimicrobial properties." Chemistry and chemical biology of tetracyclines. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.

2/9/14

Lab 2

The purpose of this lab is to understand algae and protists and to learn how to identify them using a dichotomous key. Using the knowledge learned from identifying algae and protists, organisms were identified that lived in the hay culture created during the previous lab. Also, using the hay culture, several dilutions of the hay culture were spread on agar plates to later observe the colonies that would develop in the dish.

Procedure I:

1. A wet mount slide was made from a solution with several known species within it.

2. The organisms within the individual slide were identified using the dichotomous key given.

3. This was repeated with two different organisms.

Procedure II:

1. The hay culture was observed and changes were noted

Procedure III:

1. Hay infusion culture was mixed up

2. 100 microliters of mixed culture were added to a tube to be diluted 1:100 (10-2 dilution)

3. 100 microliters were then taken from diluted solution and added to another tube to further dilute to 10-4

4. This was repeated two more times to get dilutions of 10-6 and 10-8

5. Solution from each of the four tubes was spread on an agar plate and a plate with tetracycline.

6. Each plate diluted the 10 times more when added to the plate.

7. The plates with the individual solutions grew for a week at room temperature

Data Important observations • The dirt all settled to the bottom of the hay infusion, a grass chunk was in the middle, and a film had developed on top of the water. The water overall was not very clear. • It smelled like gross pond water. There was a brown film on top of the water and climbing up the walls of the container. Grass was also emerging from the surface of the water slightly. On the surface of the film on top of the water there were a few white specks, possibly mold. • Near the plants there would likely be an entirely different realm of bacterial species living compared to those that would live near the surface of the water and the bottom of the hay infusion • Samples from the culture were collected from the surface film on the water, as well as from the plants in the middle of the culture. • If the hay infusion culture was observed for two months longer, much of the water would likely evaporate, and the organisms that were present that lived near living plants and in water would not be as abundant. Organisms that thrive on dirty surfaces would have a better chance of survival by the end of the two months. • The selective pressures that affected the sample would be where the samples were taken from. Also, since all the cultures from the class sat open to the air next to one another it is possible organisms moved from one culture to another. • The paramecium found in the culture is considered a life form because it is capable of replication, a product of evolution, evolving from simpler life forms, is made up of a single cell, stores and processes information, and gains energy by using its cilia to get nutrients into its body.

Figure 1: This drawing shows the organisms found in part one as well as the organisms identified from hay culture in part II

Figure 2: This figure shows the serial dilution procedure.

Figure 3: This image shows a microscopic view of the organisms found in the algae surrounding the plants near the bottom of the hay culture

1/31/14 Lab 1 Abstract

The purpose of this lab is to observe a specific niche in the environment on American University’s campus, and to understand the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the niche. In this lab the evolutionary process of the members of the volvocine line are observed. As well as understanding evolution, the organisms that could be living in the individual niche were grown. This experiment will observe the diversity of species living within a confined area and living in different portions of the small niche itself. This is an ongoing experiment that will test the diversity of species as well as the ability of bacteria to grow, among other things.

Hypothesis: • The characteristics of a cell’s structure and reproductive capability will increase in complexity over time and demonstrate evolution. • If a specific niche is left untouched throughout a semester the species that live within it will change over time due to the changing seasons and the different types of biotic species that would live and die throughout the period of time.

Procedure

1. Observe niche and draw the area 2. Take note of abiotic and biotic characteristics of niche 3. Take samples of both biotic and abiotic features were collected. 4. The sample is then weighed and placed in a plastic jar with deerpark water 5. 0.1g of dried milk are added to the solution 6. with the jar left off, the mixture sits for a week and an entirely new niche is created within the jar.

1. Take a sample of Chlamydomonas in solution 2. Add drop to slide and add protoslo so that the organisms can be seen and do not move too quickly 3. Take note of cell numbers, colony size, functional specialization, and reproductive specialization. 4. Repeat with Gonium and Volvox

Data

Figure 1: This is a drawing of the Niche #1 on American university’s campus. Showing rocks large and small, grass and bushes. There is also a large area of cattails.

Abiotic features 1. tinfoil 2. dirt 3. rocks 4. sand 5. metal rod

Biotic Features 1. Grass 2. Cattails 3. Leaves 4. Bushes 5. Clover

Figure 2: This figure shows the differences and evolutionary changes between Chlamydomonas, Gonium and Volvox.

Conclusion

In this lab the process of evolution was observed through the characteristics of Chlamydomonas, Gonium, and Volvox. Chlamydomonas is a single celled organism that uses isogamy reproduction, Gonium is the intermediate organism that has progressed to multicellularity but mantains isogamy. Volvox is the organism that progressed the furthest forming a ball of many cells and has also evolved to oogamy reproduction—where there are different male and female organisms within the species. It is fascinating to observe the outcome of evolution. In terms of the specific niche, it would have been helpful to have actually taken photographs of the area when the project began. Photographs can still be taken, but it would be interesting to see the change over time from the very beginning. The idea of evolution was observed in this lab, and further observed in future labs. The diversity was also noted in the niche and will be noted in the niche that grows in the hay infusion culture.

Good start, clear and concise description of the lab including an introduction to the transect project. Start each entry with the date in bold font and add new entries to the top of the page. Please upload pictures when possible. SK