Titratable control of pBAD and lac promoters in individual E. coli cells

I started looking into this because I wanted to generate a strain in which I could control the level of induction from both a pTrc and a pBAD promoter in individual cells. After talking to a few people, I was able to sort out that these promoters both exhibit all-or-none activity in "wild-type" E. coli strains. I also discovered that it seems that not everyone knows about this (or at least the details of the process and how to get around it). Below is a summary of the information I was able to assemble on the topic. Hopefully, you know more than I do and can add more information.

lac promoters

• Import of lactose (and IPTG) into E. coli is controlled by the lacY gene. If you knock this gene out, lac-type promoter induction is titratable at non-saturating lactose or IPTG concentrations in individual cells.

Real-world evidence

• I am expressing a repressor protein that is toxic to cells if it is overexpressed. The theory is that, since it is a DNA binding protein, when the repressor is at high levels it binds to all of the DNA in the cell, wrecking havoc on the critter. I was looking at growth of critters containing the plasmid-borne repressor protein under the control of a pTrc promoter on LB plates containing different amounts of IPTG. I examined this in lacY⁺ and lacY^— cells. In general, the cells did not grow much, if at all, in lacY⁺ cells. However, growth in lacY^�— cells was dependent on the amount of IPTG on the plate; too much IPTG and the critters died. Expression of a protein under the control of the repressor protein was also dependent on the amount of IPTG I had on the plate in lacY^— cells. I couldn't assess this information for the lacY⁺ cells, because any cell that expressed the repressor expressed too much of it and killed the cell. Thus, I appear to have titratable control of the pTrc promoter in lacY^— cells. I'm sure there is a much better and more elegant published example of this, I just don't have the reference right now. Please add references here if you know of any. (--Kathleen)
  • The lacY^— strain that I have was a gift from Chris Hayes at UCSB. In the wild-type strain, lacY was contained on the F plasmid. The strain Chris generated lacks the F plasmid, so it is missing genes in addition to lacY.

References

1. A. Khlebnikov and J. D. Keasling. Effect of lacY expression on homogeneity of induction from the P_tac and P_trc promoters by natural and synthetic inducers. Biotechnol Prog, 18:672–4, 2002.

pBAD promoters

References

1. R. M. Morgan-Kiss, C. Wadler, and J. E. J. Cronan. Long-term and homogeneous regulation of the Escherichia coli araBAD promoter by use of a lactose transporter of relaxed specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99(11):7373–7, 2002.
2. A. Khlebnikov, K. A. Datsenko, T. Skaug, B. L. Wanner, and J. D. Keasling. Homogeneous expression of the P_BAD promoter in Escherichia coli by constitutive expression of the low-affinity high-capacity AraE transporter. Microbiology, 147(Pt 12):3241–7, 2001.

References

1. A. Novick and M. Weiner. Enzyme induction as an all-or-none phenomenon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 43(7):553–66, 1957.