Talk:20.109(F12) Pre-Proposal: Engineering Viral Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermic Cancer Therapy

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This is a brainstorming page.
You are very welcome to write any crazy / non-crazy / inventive / conventional / knowledgeable ideas or information you may have about our project.

Some key words:

  • Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNP)
  • Viruses
  • Magnetic Hyperthermia
  • Bioengineering


What is Magnetic Hyperthermia?

Definition

How it works?

Under an alternating magnetic field, MNP releases heat due to relaxation of magnetic moments (hysteresis). This can cause an increase in temperature to the range of 41C to 47C. Since tumor cells are more heat sensitive than normal cells, they will be killed by this thermal dissipation.

Here is an interesting tidbit from a paper I was reading: "In addition to the expected tumor cell death, hyperthermia treatment has also induced unexpected biological responses, such as tumor-specific immune responses as a result of heat-shock protein expression. These results suggest that hyperthermia is able to kill not only local tumors exposed to heat treatment, but also tumors at distant sites, including metastatic cancer cells." (Kobayashi)

Current Research

  • Clinical trials in prostate cancer


Current Limitations (This information will help us shape and define the problem.)

(1) To achieve the necessary rise in temperature with minimal dose of MNP.

In other words, this means:
  • High specific loss power / specific absorption rate (SLP) of the MNP.
  • why is higher applied dosage bad?

(2) Lack of knowledge about the metabolism, clearance, and toxicity of MNP.

Biomedical potentials of MNP

  • Could be used as early detection for the following using MRI:
    • Inflammation
    • Cancer
    • Diabetes
    • Atherosclerosis
  • Drug Delivery
  • Cellular labeling and tissue targeting
  • Purifying and separating cells and DNAs
  • Hyperthermia
  • Transfection by magnetic nanoparticles
  • Tissue repair
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Types of Relevant Viruses

1. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

  • 18nmx300nm, helical
  • Can withstand high temperatures up to 50C for 30mins (conventional hyperthermia involves heating up to 50C from an external source
  • Safe for human consumption
  • Mann group has active research on it
  • 2130 molecules of coat protein

"*

2. M13 Bacteriophage

  • 6.6nmx880nm, helical (Length is too long - pose an issue in targeting cells)
  • Lots of research done by the Belcher group, including attaching MNPs to M13 for imaging purposes
  • We are familiar with the system

3. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV)

  • 26nm, icosahedral

4. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)

  • 27nm, icosahedral

5. Brome mosaic virus (BMV)

  • 28nm, icosahedral

6. Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV)

  • 30nm, icosahedral

Current Work in Viral MNP Attachment

Attachment of MNPs to M13 phage for in vivo imaging of prostate cancer

What we propose to do

See flowchart sketch.

We will start with using ferritin (Fe3O4) as the MNP.

Steps

  1. Test how virus interacts with mammalian cells in vivo
  2. Screen for protein coat that binds to Fe3O4
  3. Screen for sequence unique to targeted tumor cells
  4. Screen for protein/RNA coat that binds to this peptide sequence
  5. .....

Future directions:

  • Experimenting with double layer MNP to increase response
  • Target other cancerous cells
  • Experiment with other types of viruses

Quantitative Goals

  • Currently, with the aid of 10Gy radiation, the hyperthermia treatment successfully accumulated less than 0.3mg Fe/g tissue. Dosage: 0.2mg Fe per gram of mouse. Say mouse is 25g. so 60% efficiency with the aid of radiation.
  • South Korean experiment: 75ug of MNPs were injected.

Potential Issues

  • "The actual rotations of the nanoparticles are disordered because the microviscosity of the local environment in cancer cells is not constant, and effective elasticity depends on the binding conditions between nanoparticles and membranes."
but this is actually present because when treatment is done with individual MNPs, one side of the MNP is always bound to the targeted cell, so direction is never constant!

Future Directions

Useful Resources

  1. Gupta AK, Naregalkar RR, Vaidya VD, and Gupta M. Recent advances on surface engineering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Future Medicine. 2007. 2(1), 23-39.
  2. Bakoglidis KD, Simeonidis K, Sakellari D, G. Stefanou, and Angelakeris M. Size-Dependent Mechanisms in AC Magnetic Hyperthermia Response of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2012. 48:1320-1323.
  3. Great layman's way of explaining magnetic hyperthermia http://trialx.com/curetalk/2012/11/cancer-treatment-multifunctional-magnetic-nanoparticles-for-molecular-imaging-and-hyperthermia/
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