Synthetic Society/SB Reality
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Construction Technology
Conclusion: It is possible to construct any piece of DNA.
Characteristics as of 1 February 2006:
- Cost. ~$1 per bp
- Length. ~100 bp direct chemical synthesis, ~15,000 bp PCR assembly, ~3,500,000 bp inchworm elongation
- Error Rate. From 1:10 to effectively zero
- Time. 6 hours for 100 bp, 2-6 weeks for 15,000 bp, ~2 months for 50,000 bp, ~7 years for 3,500,000 bp
- Diversity. From one molecule to millions of molecules (heavily dependent on method)
- Terms of Sale. Varied (from no-strings-attached to full-rights-reserved).
Examples & Reference Material:
- Tumpey TM, Basler CF, Aguilar PV, Zeng H, Solórzano A, Swayne DE, Cox NJ, Katz JM, Taubenberger JK, Palese P, and García-Sastre A. Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus. Science. 2005 Oct 7;310(5745):77-80. DOI:10.1126/science.1119392 |
- Cello J, Paul AV, and Wimmer E. Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1016-8. DOI:10.1126/science.1072266 |
- Smith HO, Hutchison CA 3rd, Pfannkoch C, and Venter JC. Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: phiX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 23;100(26):15440-5. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2237126100 |
- Itaya M, Tsuge K, Koizumi M, and Fujita K. Combining two genomes in one cell: stable cloning of the Synechocystis PCC6803 genome in the Bacillus subtilis 168 genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 1;102(44):15971-6. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0503868102 |
- Curtis KM, Yount B, and Baric RS. A simple strategy to assemble infectious RNA and DNA clones. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;494:475-81. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4615-1325-4_69 |
- Yount B, Curtis KM, and Baric RS. Strategy for systematic assembly of large RNA and DNA genomes: transmissible gastroenteritis virus model. J Virol. 2000 Nov;74(22):10600-11. DOI:10.1128/jvi.74.22.10600-10611.2000 |
- Patnaik R, Louie S, Gavrilovic V, Perry K, Stemmer WP, Ryan CM, and del Cardayré S. Genome shuffling of Lactobacillus for improved acid tolerance. Nat Biotechnol. 2002 Jul;20(7):707-12. DOI:10.1038/nbt0702-707 |
- Pekrun K, Shibata R, Igarashi T, Reed M, Sheppard L, Patten PA, Stemmer WP, Martin MA, and Soong NW. Evolution of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variant with enhanced replication in pig-tailed macaque cells by DNA shuffling. J Virol. 2002 Mar;76(6):2924-35. DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.6.2924-2935.2002 |
- Kodumal SJ, Patel KG, Reid R, Menzella HG, Welch M, and Santi DV. Total synthesis of long DNA sequences: synthesis of a contiguous 32-kb polyketide synthase gene cluster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 2;101(44):15573-8. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0406911101 |
- Craig Venter on "Gene Synthesis Technology: State of the Science" at 1 July 2005 NSABB meeting, Real Audio webcast
- HINT: Fast-forward to 11 minutes and 30 seconds into the webcast
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