Synthetic Biology:SB2.0/Biosecurity resolutions

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Overview

This page is for organizing discussions around the discussions to be held at SB2.0 concerning biosecurity and biosafety issues. In particular, the following white paper proposing specific recommendations of action that the community can possibly take:

From Understanding to Action: Community-Based Options for Improving Safety and Security in Synthetic Biology
Stephen M. Maurer, Keith V. Lucas & Starr Terrell
Goldman School of Public Policy
University of California at Berkeley
PDF link

Below you will find text from the executive summary of this white paper as well as comments noted during the MIT town hall on April 21, 2006. (Note that this is slightly different text than that used in the proposed resolutions in the white paper).

[Editorial note: Depending on the amount of discussion, individual resolutions should be spun out to their own pages.]

Please follow comments with the following text -- '''~~~~''': in order to sign and date your comment

A.1 Insist That All Commercial Gene Synthesis Houses Adopt Current Best Practice Screening Procedures.

While most gene synthesis companies screen orders for dangerous sequences, a few do not. This gives both community members and outsiders access to feedstocks for both wild-type and genetically engineered bioweapons. Community members should stop doing business with any gene synthesis company that fails to implement current best-practice screening methods by January 1, 2007.

Items That Need Addressing Before Community-Wide Vote

[Editorial note: Likely to have errors and/or omissions. Please revise! Additional contributions welcome.]

1. Should explicitly enumerate those areas which this resolution fails to address. [Laurie Zoloth]
   1. Gene assembly via synthesized oligos is a viable work-around to gene synthesis. A functional method for screening oligo synthesis orders has not yet been developed (“current best practices” = no action). This should be acknowledged to avoid creating a false sense of security.
2. Best practices should involve safety & security screening at multiple stages including [Brian Baynes]
   1. Customer screening (e.g., rDNA protocol, select agent approval) (disputed)
   2. Customer verification (disputed)
   3. Sequence screening
   4. Sequence archiving
3. There is no statement for possible procedures, consequences, clarification, or dispute resolution of failing a putative screen. -- Sri Kosuri 21:02, 23 April 2006 (EDT)
4. Need process for defining "best practices" [Natalie Kuldell]
5. Can we explicitly employ methods of testing compliance to the resolution? [John Cumbers]
   • Perhaps a randomized malicious ordering of genes sent to companies to see if they respond appropriately [Cumbers]
6. Historical examples/consequences of secondary boycotts should be considered [Ken Oye]
7. Jan 1 2007 date is arbitrary; we need a specification of path forward up to SB3.0 at least [ Endy ]
8. It is important to remember that the idea is not to design new "best practices" starting from a blank sheet of paper. (The industry has already given this problem much more thought than the average community member and, in any case, is not likely to heed calls to scrap existing systems and start over.) Rather, it is to close a looophole in which a few companies gain competitive advantage by failing to follow procedures that already exist and are followed by most of the industry. If people want to describe "best practices" in more detail, the way to do that is to find out empirically what most companies do today. [Maurer]

A.2 Create and Endorse New Watch-Lists To Improve Industry Screening Programs.

Improved watch-lists and software tools can make industry screening more accurate and efficient. Members should prepare the necessary lists and tools in time for Synthetic Biology 3.0.

1. This is the place where members can exercise leadership by going beyond the "best practices" which already exist and asking what they should be. [Maurer]

Items That Need Addressing Before Community-Wide Vote

[Editorial note: Likely to have errors and/or omissions. Please revise! Additional contributions welcome.]

1. Should outline procedures by which watch-lists and/or algorithms are developed. [Reshma Shetty, George Church]
2. What will the watch lists be watching for? [ Endy ]

B.1. Create a Confidential Hotline For Biosafety and Biosecurity Issues.

All experimenters contemplating “experiments of concern” should obtain independent expert advice before proceeding. The community should make such advice freely available to all experimenters, including non-members (e.g. hackers) who cannot otherwise obtain such advice from formal university, company, or NIH safety committees.

Items That Need Addressing Before Community-Wide Vote

[Editorial note: Likely to have errors and/or omissions. Please revise! Additional contributions welcome.]

1. Redundancy with Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee or RAC. [Kris Jones Prather]
2. Should be revised to focus on offering a RAC-like mechanism to the independent synthetic biology community outside of institutions with RACs. [Drew Endy]

B.2. Affirm Members’ Ethical Obligation to Investigate and Report Dangerous Behavior.

Members have an obligation to investigate and, if necessary, report dangerous behavior. Members should affirm this obligation by formal resolution at Synthetic Biology 2.0.

C. Create a Community-Wide Clearinghouse for Identifying and Tracking Potential Biosafety/Biosecurity Issues.

Members who notice potential biosecurity issues have an obligation to share them with the broader community. A central clearinghouse will help the community to identify, track, and if necessary respond to the biosafety/biosecurity implications of a changing technology.

D. Endorse Biosecurity/Biosafety R&D Priorities.

New technologies can potentially reduce current biosafety/biosecurity risks even further. Members should identify, endorse, and urge funding agencies to invest in priority technologies such as safe chasses and bar codes.

E. Additional resolutions

1. Upon the uncontrolled physical release of a synthetic biological organism, community members should release all available sequence information and relevant system documentation. [Reshma Shetty]
2. Upon construction/publishing/patenting of a biological organism (or system embedded within another organism), consider publishing a statement (or reaffirmation) of recommended (expected) safety and security level. Also, perhaps a central area to store information on novel organisms and those organisms whose safety or security level change. -- Sri Kosuri 02:10, 24 April 2006 (EDT)
3. An ethics class should be mandatory for all synthetic biology curricula. Besides the "Don't be evil" portion, it could also include more grey areas, such as clinical trials and the issue of competing interests. Case studies would be useful. There's the University of Pennsylvania's human gene therapy experiment gone wrong. Salis 23:42, 23 April 2006 (EDT)

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