Primer Tm estimation methods: Difference between revisions
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* Both Breslauer and SantaLucia nearest-neighbour thermodynamics factor in the nucleotide environment. GC rich islands lead to higher Tm estimates with the upwards trend being much more pronounced when the Breslauer calculations are used (primer 1, 2). | * Both Breslauer and SantaLucia nearest-neighbour thermodynamics factor in the nucleotide environment. GC rich islands lead to higher Tm estimates with the upwards trend being much more pronounced when the Breslauer calculations are used (primer 1, 2). | ||
== | == Melting temperature (Tm) estimation publications == | ||
* Marmur formula: Tm = 4 x GC + 2 x AT | * Marmur formula: Tm = 4 x GC + 2 x AT | ||
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* Breslauer et al. 1986, PMID 3459152 combined with Schildkraut et al. 1965, PMID 5889540 salt correction formulae | * Breslauer et al. 1986, PMID 3459152 combined with Schildkraut et al. 1965, PMID 5889540 salt correction formulae | ||
: [http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3/ Primer3] and [http://www.bioinformatics.nl/cgi-bin/primer3plus/primer3plus.cgi Primer3Plus] default maintained for backwards compatibility | : [http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/primer3/ Primer3] and [http://www.bioinformatics.nl/cgi-bin/primer3plus/primer3plus.cgi Primer3Plus] default maintained for backwards compatibility | ||
::<small>'''Breslauer '86 abstract''': We report the complete thermodynamic library of all 10 Watson-Crick DNA nearest-neighbor interactions. We obtained the relevant thermodynamic data from calorimetric studies on 19 DNA oligomers and 9 DNA polymers. We show how these thermodynamic data can be used to calculate the stability and predict the temperature-dependent behavior of any DNA duplex structure from knowledge of its base sequence. We illustrate our method of calculation by using the nearest-neighbor data to predict transition enthalpies and free energies for a series of DNA oligomers. These predicted values are in excellent agreement with the corresponding values determined experimentally. This agreement demonstrates that a <u>DNA duplex structure thermodynamically can be considered to be the sum of its nearest-neighbor interactions</u>. Armed with this knowledge and the nearest-neighbor thermodynamic data reported here, <u>scientists now will be able to predict the stability (delta G degree) and the melting behavior (delta H degree) of any DNA duplex structure from inspection of its primary sequence</u>. This capability should prove valuable in numerous applications, such as predicting the stability of a probe-gene complex; selecting optimal conditions for a hybridization experiment; deciding on the minimum length of a probe; predicting the influence of a specific transversion or transition on the stability of an affected DNA region; and predicting the relative stabilities of local domains within a DNA duplex. | |||
</small> | |||
* SantaLucia 1998, PMID 9465037 thermodynamics & salt correction | * SantaLucia 1998, PMID 9465037 thermodynamics & salt correction | ||
: Primer3 recommended setting; also default settings of the NCBI's [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/ Primer BLAST] | : Primer3 recommended setting; also default settings of the NCBI's [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/ Primer BLAST] | ||
Revision as of 02:22, 28 September 2009
Table comparing different Tm estimation methods
example primer | GC+AT=length | Marmur rule | Wallace rule | Breslauer '86 | SantaLucia '98 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
50/50 mixed: AGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAG | 10+10=20 | 60 | 52 | 46.3 | 47.7 |
50/50 separated: AAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGG | 10+10=20 | 60 | 52 | 66.0 | 52.7 |
ActB F: TTGCTGACAGGATGCAGAAG | 10+10=20 | 60 | 52 | 60.1 | 52.4 |
ActB R: TGATCCACATCTGCTGGAAG | 10+10=20 | 60 | 52 | 59.8 | 51.5 |
Tubb5 F: GATCGGTGCTAAGTTCTGGGA | 11+10=21 | 64 | 54 | 61.5 | 53.7 |
Tubb5 R: AGGGACATACTTGCCACCTGT | 11+10=21 | 64 | 54 | 60.8 | 55.1 |
Conclusions
- Marmur and Wallace formulae Tm estimation only take into account the number of GC and AT nucleotides. The position of the nucleotides in the primer is not considered (primer 1-4: same Tm; primer 5-6: longer, higher Tm).
- Both Breslauer and SantaLucia nearest-neighbour thermodynamics factor in the nucleotide environment. GC rich islands lead to higher Tm estimates with the upwards trend being much more pronounced when the Breslauer calculations are used (primer 1, 2).
Melting temperature (Tm) estimation publications
- Marmur formula: Tm = 4 x GC + 2 x AT
- not recommended for more than 13nt; assumes 50mM monovalent cations
- Marmur J and Doty P (1962) J Mol Biol 5:109-118; PMID 14470099
- Wallace formula: Tm = 64.9 +41*(yG+zC-16.4)/(wA+xT+yG+zC)
- Wallace RB et al. (1979) Nucleic Acids Res 6:3543-3557, PMID 158748
- online tool using Wallace formula for oligos >13
- Breslauer et al. 1986, PMID 3459152 combined with Schildkraut et al. 1965, PMID 5889540 salt correction formulae
- Primer3 and Primer3Plus default maintained for backwards compatibility
- Breslauer '86 abstract: We report the complete thermodynamic library of all 10 Watson-Crick DNA nearest-neighbor interactions. We obtained the relevant thermodynamic data from calorimetric studies on 19 DNA oligomers and 9 DNA polymers. We show how these thermodynamic data can be used to calculate the stability and predict the temperature-dependent behavior of any DNA duplex structure from knowledge of its base sequence. We illustrate our method of calculation by using the nearest-neighbor data to predict transition enthalpies and free energies for a series of DNA oligomers. These predicted values are in excellent agreement with the corresponding values determined experimentally. This agreement demonstrates that a DNA duplex structure thermodynamically can be considered to be the sum of its nearest-neighbor interactions. Armed with this knowledge and the nearest-neighbor thermodynamic data reported here, scientists now will be able to predict the stability (delta G degree) and the melting behavior (delta H degree) of any DNA duplex structure from inspection of its primary sequence. This capability should prove valuable in numerous applications, such as predicting the stability of a probe-gene complex; selecting optimal conditions for a hybridization experiment; deciding on the minimum length of a probe; predicting the influence of a specific transversion or transition on the stability of an affected DNA region; and predicting the relative stabilities of local domains within a DNA duplex.
- SantaLucia 1998, PMID 9465037 thermodynamics & salt correction
- Primer3 recommended setting; also default settings of the NCBI's Primer BLAST