IGEM:Imperial/2010/Ethics - Revision history

Harriet D. Gliddon at 19:47, 7 October 2010

Harriet D. Gliddon — Thu, 07 Oct 2010 19:47:36 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:47, 7 October 2010
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	The aim of this activity was to allow the students to experience the process of marketing a synthetic biology product. In groups, they were each given a synthetic biology product for which they had to act out a TV advert. They had to address the concerns of the public, and reassure people that the organism in question was ‘safe’.		The aim of this activity was to allow the students to experience the process of marketing a synthetic biology product. In groups, they were each given a synthetic biology product for which they had to act out a TV advert. They had to address the concerns of the public, and reassure people that the organism in question was ‘safe’.

-	==Reflections==	+	===Reflections===
	''Under construction''		''Under construction''

Harriet D. Gliddon: reflections

Harriet D. Gliddon — Thu, 07 Oct 2010 17:10:25 GMT

reflections

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:10, 7 October 2010
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	'''Activity 3''' (20 minutes)		'''Activity 3''' (20 minutes)
	The aim of this activity was to allow the students to experience the process of marketing a synthetic biology product. In groups, they were each given a synthetic biology product for which they had to act out a TV advert. They had to address the concerns of the public, and reassure people that the organism in question was ‘safe’.		The aim of this activity was to allow the students to experience the process of marketing a synthetic biology product. In groups, they were each given a synthetic biology product for which they had to act out a TV advert. They had to address the concerns of the public, and reassure people that the organism in question was ‘safe’.
		+
		+	==Reflections==
		+	''Under construction''

Harriet D. Gliddon: /* Workshop plan */

Harriet D. Gliddon — Thu, 07 Oct 2010 17:08:40 GMT

Workshop plan

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:08, 7 October 2010
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	Each workshop ran for 1 hour and 40 minutes, including a 10 minute break in the middle.		Each workshop ran for 1 hour and 40 minutes, including a 10 minute break in the middle.
	We wanted the workshop to be as visual and exciting as possible, so we used various images and videos throughout. For more information, see the slideshow.		We wanted the workshop to be as visual and exciting as possible, so we used various images and videos throughout. For more information, see the slideshow.
-	Introduction (15 minutes)	+
		+	'''Introduction''' (15 minutes)
	The aim of the introductory session was to explain the concept of synthetic biology clearly to the students, allowing them to come up with their own opinions of what they think it could mean.		The aim of the introductory session was to explain the concept of synthetic biology clearly to the students, allowing them to come up with their own opinions of what they think it could mean.
	We then wanted to discuss a few applications, the iGEM competition, and give an overview of our project.		We then wanted to discuss a few applications, the iGEM competition, and give an overview of our project.

Harriet D. Gliddon: school workshops

Harriet D. Gliddon — Thu, 07 Oct 2010 17:07:28 GMT

school workshops

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:07, 7 October 2010
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	We wanted to know if there were any other proteases that we might want to detect, in terms of NTDs. There is a protease which is released by Trypanosoma in the blood which could be used to diagnose Chagas disease. Currently, diagnosis of Chagas disease requires a lumbar puncture, which is hard to accomplish in resource-poor settings.		We wanted to know if there were any other proteases that we might want to detect, in terms of NTDs. There is a protease which is released by Trypanosoma in the blood which could be used to diagnose Chagas disease. Currently, diagnosis of Chagas disease requires a lumbar puncture, which is hard to accomplish in resource-poor settings.
		+
		+
		+	==Synthetic Biology School Workshops==
		+
		+	===Introduction===
		+	Public engagement is an essential part of determining priorities in research funding, but there is more to it than simply setting policies. Bridging the gap between academics and the wider public can achieve far more than , it can break down barriers for people to
		+
		+	When discussing the public engagement aspect of synthetic biology, we realised that school students would be an interesting demographic to present the subject to. We also liked the idea of inspiring young people to learn more about synthetic biology
		+
		+	As a team, we'd like to experience explaining and discussing the subject of synthetic biology and our project in particular, with non-specialists. We'd like to demonstrate the importance of engaging the public when embarking on a project like ours, and a younger audience would be a novel way to...
		+
		+	We'd like the students to think about synthetic biology in a way that makes them believe that they can shape the course it takes in the future. It would be great if they could see science as a way of being creative. Also, we hope to show the students how the media can affect the way people perceive synthetic biology and genetic engineering.
		+
		+	We knew that the workshops would help our project in terms of providing feedback that might change our own perspectives of synthetic biology, including any societal implications it might have.
		+
		+	Hopefully, in the future other iGEM teams will follow in our footsteps so we can inspire young scientists to learn more about synthetic biology!
		+
		+	The schools we chose to run the workshops at were state-funded schools, because we wanted to demonstrate that anyone can learn about synthetic biology, regardless of their background.
		+
		+
		+
		+	===Workshop plan===
		+	Each workshop ran for 1 hour and 40 minutes, including a 10 minute break in the middle.
		+	We wanted the workshop to be as visual and exciting as possible, so we used various images and videos throughout. For more information, see the slideshow.
		+	Introduction (15 minutes)
		+	The aim of the introductory session was to explain the concept of synthetic biology clearly to the students, allowing them to come up with their own opinions of what they think it could mean.
		+	We then wanted to discuss a few applications, the iGEM competition, and give an overview of our project.
		+
		+	'''Activity 1''' (15 minutes)
		+	In small groups, the students had to come up with different ideas for applying synthetic biology. Each group was given a different key word, such as bioremediation or sanitation. During this activity, each group made a poster detailing their ideas, which they used when explaining their ideas to the other groups.
		+	Presentation: Regulation of Synthetic Biology (10 minutes)
		+	We decided that it was necessary to introduce the students to this side of research, of which their experience was likely to be limited.
		+
		+	'''Break''' (10 minutes)
		+
		+	'''Activity 2''' (20 minutes)
		+	This was more of a debate/discussion style activity. The idea was to discuss the various concerns and issues associated with synthetic biology, allowing the students to voice their own opinions.
		+	We also discussed our project in particular, such as the social impacts of putting GMOs into water and so on.
		+
		+	'''Presentation: Synthetic Biology and the Media''' (10 minutes)
		+	This was an opportunity for us to show the students how the media can change the public’s opinion of a particular subject, simply by using provocative language or images. We used various news headlines and news programmes as examples.
		+
		+	'''Activity 3''' (20 minutes)
		+	The aim of this activity was to allow the students to experience the process of marketing a synthetic biology product. In groups, they were each given a synthetic biology product for which they had to act out a TV advert. They had to address the concerns of the public, and reassure people that the organism in question was ‘safe’.

Harriet D. Gliddon: irrigation systems etc

Harriet D. Gliddon — Tue, 05 Oct 2010 12:24:09 GMT

irrigation systems etc

←Older revision		Revision as of 12:24, 5 October 2010
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	Over 1 billion people - a sixth of the world’s population - suffer from one or more NTD (WHO, 2007). Despite affecting over 90% of the world’s population in one way or another, only 10% of worldwide health research funding goes into finding preventative or curative treatment for NTDs. This statistic was published by the Global Health Forum and is now referred to as the ‘10/90 gap’ (Global Forum for Health Research, 1999). The 10/90 gap probably exists because of the fact that the majority of people affected by NTDs live in developing countries (Hotez ''et al'', 2006), and so profit margins for NTD drugs are negligible. Western pharmaceutical companies are unlikely to see countries in which NTDs are endemic as high priority commercial markets (Hotez ''et al'', 2006).		Over 1 billion people - a sixth of the world’s population - suffer from one or more NTD (WHO, 2007). Despite affecting over 90% of the world’s population in one way or another, only 10% of worldwide health research funding goes into finding preventative or curative treatment for NTDs. This statistic was published by the Global Health Forum and is now referred to as the ‘10/90 gap’ (Global Forum for Health Research, 1999). The 10/90 gap probably exists because of the fact that the majority of people affected by NTDs live in developing countries (Hotez ''et al'', 2006), and so profit margins for NTD drugs are negligible. Western pharmaceutical companies are unlikely to see countries in which NTDs are endemic as high priority commercial markets (Hotez ''et al'', 2006).

-	The ~~NTDs, according to the~~ World Health Organisation~~, include~~ (WHO, 2007):	+	The World Health Organisation lists the following diseases as the main NTDs (WHO, 2007):
	* Buruli ulcer		* Buruli ulcer
	* Chagas disease		* Chagas disease
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		+	NTDs are most commonly found in remote, rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America (Hotez ''et al'', 2006). The effects of NTDs are wide-rangine and include long-term disability, disfigurement, impaired childhood growth, adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduced economic productivity (WHO, 2003). In fact, the effect on worker productivity causes billions of dollars to be lost each year, and retains a country in poverty (Hotez et al, 2006; Molyneux et al, 2005). Added to the problem is that of climate change, which is creating favourable conditions for the spread of many infectious diseases and their vectors, and so it is expected that in the years to come their effects will be felt all the more gravely (Patz ''et al'', 1996).

		+	Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is an NTD that affects over 200 million people worldwide (Steinmann ''et al'', 2005) and has drastic effects on the economic viability of the country in which it is endemic (Sturrock, R. F., 1993). The schistosoma species which are human parasites are found in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia (Liu ''et al'', 2010). The parasite has a complicated lifecycle, involving two hosts; snails and humans, and infects humans by breaking through the skin during contact with contaminated water.

-	~~NTDs are most commonly found in remote, rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America (Hotez ''et al'', 2006).~~ The ~~effects~~ of ~~NTDs are wide~~-rangine and include long-term disability, disfigurement, impaired childhood growth, adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduced economic productivity (WHO, 2003). In fact, the effect on worker productivity causes billions of dollars to be lost each year, and retains a country in poverty (Hotez et al, 2006; Molyneux et al, 2005). Added to the problem is that of climate change, which is creating favourable conditions for ~~the spread of many NTDs and~~ their ~~vectors,~~ and ~~so it is expected that in the years~~ to ~~come their effects will be felt all the more gravely (Fenwick~~, ~~2009).~~	+	The construction of man-made water systems have extended snail habitats by creating favourable conditions for their survival and reproduction. As people move closer to lakes, dams and other irrigations systems, an optimum environment for the transmission of the parasite results, thus making schistosomiasis a major health problem (Fenwick, 2009).
-		+
-	~~Schistosomiasis~~, ~~also known as bilharzia, is~~ an ~~NTD that affects over 200 million people worldwide (Steinmann ''et al'', 2005) and has drastic effects on~~ the ~~economic viability~~ of the ~~country in which it is endemic (Sturrock~~, ~~R. F., 1993). The schistosoma species which are human parasites are found in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia~~ (~~Liu ''et al''~~, ~~2010~~)~~. The parasite has a complicated lifecycle, involving two hosts; snails and humans, and infects humans by breaking through the skin during contact with contaminated water~~.	+

-	In recent years, the treatment of schistosomiasis, especially among schoolchildren, has improved markedly due to the availability of praziquantel for generic production. This drug is effective as a single dose, can be administered by primary healthcare teams and directly affects the schistosoma parasite~~. Nevertheless, the parasite is still a major problem~~.	+	In recent years, the treatment of schistosomiasis, especially among schoolchildren, has improved markedly due to the availability of praziquantel for generic production. This drug is effective as a single dose, can be administered by primary healthcare teams and directly affects the schistosoma parasite.

	At present, most of the detection of schistosoma is only possible after it has infected the human host. There are two main types of diagnosis; antibody detection in blood serum, or egg detection in urine and stool samples (Liu ''et al'', 2010; Shazley & Saadany, 2006). The latter is more commonly used but it is a lengthy and uneconcomical technique. The detection of schistosoma in the local environment is done rarely, as it is time-consuming and can require cumbersome equipment. Another drawback is the low sensitivity of the tests.		At present, most of the detection of schistosoma is only possible after it has infected the human host. There are two main types of diagnosis; antibody detection in blood serum, or egg detection in urine and stool samples (Liu ''et al'', 2010; Shazley & Saadany, 2006). The latter is more commonly used but it is a lengthy and uneconcomical technique. The detection of schistosoma in the local environment is done rarely, as it is time-consuming and can require cumbersome equipment. Another drawback is the low sensitivity of the tests.
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	Johnson, B. (2010) Synthetic Biology Dialogue		Johnson, B. (2010) Synthetic Biology Dialogue

-	Molyneux, D. H, Hotez, P. J. & Fenwick, A. (2005) Rapid-Impact Interventions: How a Policy of Integrated Control for Africa’s Neglected Tropical Diseases Could Benefit the Poor. PLoS Medicine.	+	Molyneux, D. H, Hotez, P. J. & Fenwick, A. (2005) Rapid-Impact Interventions: How a Policy of Integrated Control for Africa’s Neglected Tropical Diseases Could Benefit the Poor. PLoS Medicine. 2:1064-1070

	Liu, Z. S., Zhang, L., Yang, H., Zhu, Y. H., Jin, W., Song, Q. A. & Yang, X. L. (2010) Magnetic microbead-based enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of Schistosoma japonicum antibody in human serum. Analytical Biochemistry 404:127-134		Liu, Z. S., Zhang, L., Yang, H., Zhu, Y. H., Jin, W., Song, Q. A. & Yang, X. L. (2010) Magnetic microbead-based enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of Schistosoma japonicum antibody in human serum. Analytical Biochemistry 404:127-134

	McKerrow, J. H. & Salter, J. (2002) Invasion of skin by Schistosoma cercariae. Trends in Parasitology 18:193-195		McKerrow, J. H. & Salter, J. (2002) Invasion of skin by Schistosoma cercariae. Trends in Parasitology 18:193-195
		+
		+	Patz, J. A., Epstein, P. R., Burke, T. A. & Balbus, J. M. (1996) Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases. Journal of the American Medical Association. 275(3):217-223

	Schmidt, M. (2008) Diffusion of synthetic biology: a challenge to biosafety Systems and Synthetic Biology		Schmidt, M. (2008) Diffusion of synthetic biology: a challenge to biosafety Systems and Synthetic Biology

Harriet D. Gliddon: /* References */

Harriet D. Gliddon — Mon, 04 Oct 2010 18:44:41 GMT

References

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:44, 4 October 2010
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	====References====		====References====
-	~~Balmer~~, A. ~~& Martin, P. (2008) Synthetic Biology: Social and Ethical Challenges www.syntheticbiology.org Accessed on 05/08/10~~	+	Coon, D. R. (2005) Schistosomiasis: overview of the history, biology, clinicopathology, and laboratory diagnosis, Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 27:163–169
-		+
-	~~Nature Editorial (2008) ‘Pathways to Security,’ Nature Vol. 445 (25 Sept): 43~~	+
-		+
-	~~David,~~ R.C. (2005) Schistosomiasis: overview of the history, biology, clinicopathology, and laboratory diagnosis, ~~Clin. Microbiol. Newsl.~~ 27 ~~pp.~~ 163–169	+

	D. Engels, E. Sinzinkayo and B. Gryseels (1996) Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications, Am. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. pp. 319–324		D. Engels, E. Sinzinkayo and B. Gryseels (1996) Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications, Am. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. pp. 319–324

Harriet D. Gliddon: /* Human Practices Report */

Harriet D. Gliddon — Mon, 04 Oct 2010 17:34:28 GMT

Human Practices Report

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:34, 4 October 2010
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	One possible application for this fast response module is in the detection of water-borne parasites. We realised that synthetic biology is rarely used in the fight against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), and we wanted to be pioneers in this field.		One possible application for this fast response module is in the detection of water-borne parasites. We realised that synthetic biology is rarely used in the fight against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), and we wanted to be pioneers in this field.

-	Over 1 billion people - a sixth of the world’s population - suffer from one or more NTD (WHO, 2007). Despite affecting over 90% of the world’s population in one way or another, only 10% of worldwide health research funding goes into finding preventative or curative treatment for NTDs. This statistic was published by the Global Health Forum and is now referred to as the ‘10/90 gap’ (Global Forum for Health Research, 1999). The 10/90 gap probably exists because of the fact that the majority of people affected by NTDs live in developing countries (~~Hotex~~ ''et al'', 2006), and so profit margins for NTD drugs are negligible. Western pharmaceutical companies are unlikely to see countries in which NTDs are endemic as high priority commercial markets (Hotez ''et al'', 2006).	+	Over 1 billion people - a sixth of the world’s population - suffer from one or more NTD (WHO, 2007). Despite affecting over 90% of the world’s population in one way or another, only 10% of worldwide health research funding goes into finding preventative or curative treatment for NTDs. This statistic was published by the Global Health Forum and is now referred to as the ‘10/90 gap’ (Global Forum for Health Research, 1999). The 10/90 gap probably exists because of the fact that the majority of people affected by NTDs live in developing countries (Hotez ''et al'', 2006), and so profit margins for NTD drugs are negligible. Western pharmaceutical companies are unlikely to see countries in which NTDs are endemic as high priority commercial markets (Hotez ''et al'', 2006).

	The NTDs, according to the World Health Organisation, include (WHO, 2007):		The NTDs, according to the World Health Organisation, include (WHO, 2007):

Harriet D. Gliddon: refs

Harriet D. Gliddon — Mon, 04 Oct 2010 17:33:54 GMT

refs

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:33, 4 October 2010
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	One possible application for this fast response module is in the detection of water-borne parasites. We realised that synthetic biology is rarely used in the fight against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), and we wanted to be pioneers in this field.		One possible application for this fast response module is in the detection of water-borne parasites. We realised that synthetic biology is rarely used in the fight against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), and we wanted to be pioneers in this field.

-	Over 1 billion people - a sixth of the world’s population - suffer from one or more NTD (WHO, 2007). Despite affecting over 90% of the world’s population in one way or another, only 10% of worldwide health research funding goes into finding preventative or curative treatment for NTDs. This statistic was published by the Global Health Forum and is now referred to as the ‘10/90 gap’ (Global Forum for Health Research, 1999). The 10/90 gap probably exists because of the fact that the majority of people affected by NTDs live in developing countries, and so profit margins for NTD drugs are negligible.	+	Over 1 billion people - a sixth of the world’s population - suffer from one or more NTD (WHO, 2007). Despite affecting over 90% of the world’s population in one way or another, only 10% of worldwide health research funding goes into finding preventative or curative treatment for NTDs. This statistic was published by the Global Health Forum and is now referred to as the ‘10/90 gap’ (Global Forum for Health Research, 1999). The 10/90 gap probably exists because of the fact that the majority of people affected by NTDs live in developing countries (Hotex ''et al'', 2006), and so profit margins for NTD drugs are negligible. Western pharmaceutical companies are unlikely to see countries in which NTDs are endemic as high priority commercial markets (Hotez ''et al'', 2006).

-	NTDs are most commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa ~~and in urban settings in developing countries in~~ Asia and Latin America (Hotez ''et al'', 2006). The effects of NTDs include long-term disability, disfigurement, impaired childhood growth, adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduced economic productivity. In fact, the effect on worker productivity causes billions of dollars to be lost each year, and retains a country in poverty (Hotez et al, 2006; Molyneux et al, 2005). Added to the problem is that of climate change, which is creating favourable conditions for the spread of many NTDs and their vectors, and so it is expected that in the years to come their effects will be felt all the more gravely.	+	The NTDs, according to the World Health Organisation, include (WHO, 2007):
		+	* Buruli ulcer
		+	* Chagas disease
		+	* Dengue/dengue haemorrhaegic fever
		+	* Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)
		+	* Endemic treponematoses (yaws, pinta, endemic syphilis...)
		+	* Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
		+	* Leishmaniasis
		+	* Leprosy
		+	* Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)
		+	* Onchocerciasis
		+	* Schistosomiasis
		+	* Soil-transmitted helminthiasis
		+	* Trachoma
		+
		+
		+
		+
		+	NTDs are most commonly found in remote, rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America (Hotez ''et al'', 2006). The effects of NTDs are wide-rangine and include long-term disability, disfigurement, impaired childhood growth, adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduced economic productivity (WHO, 2003). In fact, the effect on worker productivity causes billions of dollars to be lost each year, and retains a country in poverty (Hotez et al, 2006; Molyneux et al, 2005). Added to the problem is that of climate change, which is creating favourable conditions for the spread of many NTDs and their vectors, and so it is expected that in the years to come their effects will be felt all the more gravely (Fenwick, 2009).

	Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is an NTD that affects over 200 million people worldwide (Steinmann ''et al'', 2005) and has drastic effects on the economic viability of the country in which it is endemic (Sturrock, R. F., 1993). The schistosoma species which are human parasites are found in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia (Liu ''et al'', 2010). The parasite has a complicated lifecycle, involving two hosts; snails and humans, and infects humans by breaking through the skin during contact with contaminated water.		Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is an NTD that affects over 200 million people worldwide (Steinmann ''et al'', 2005) and has drastic effects on the economic viability of the country in which it is endemic (Sturrock, R. F., 1993). The schistosoma species which are human parasites are found in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia (Liu ''et al'', 2010). The parasite has a complicated lifecycle, involving two hosts; snails and humans, and infects humans by breaking through the skin during contact with contaminated water.
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	D. Engels, E. Sinzinkayo and B. Gryseels (1996) Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications, Am. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. pp. 319–324		D. Engels, E. Sinzinkayo and B. Gryseels (1996) Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications, Am. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. pp. 319–324
		+
		+	Fenwick, A. (2009) Host-parasite relations and implications for control. Advances in Parasitology. 68:247-261

	Global Forum for Health Research (1999) 10/90 Report on Health Research 1999		Global Forum for Health Research (1999) 10/90 Report on Health Research 1999
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	Sturrock, R. F. (1993) The control of schistosomiasis. Second report of the WHO expert committee Geneva: World Health Organisation Vol II		Sturrock, R. F. (1993) The control of schistosomiasis. Second report of the WHO expert committee Geneva: World Health Organisation Vol II

-	World Health Organisation (2003) Communicable diseases 2002: global defence against the infectious disease threat (ed. Kindhauser, M. K.), Geneva~~, pp. 106-107~~.	+	World Health Organisation (2003) Communicable diseases 2002: global defence against the infectious disease threat (ed. Kindhauser, M. K.). Geneva
		+
		+	World Health Organisation (2007) Report of the global partners' meeting on neglected tropical dieseases. Geneva

	WHO/UNICEF (2010) Progress on sanitation and drinking-water 2010 update		WHO/UNICEF (2010) Progress on sanitation and drinking-water 2010 update
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	http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en/ accessed on 14/08/10		http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en/ accessed on 14/08/10

-	WHO (2007) Manuscript of Neglected Tropical Diseases Annual Report 2006	+	WHO (2007) Manuscript of Neglected Tropical Diseases Annual Report 2006. Geneva

	==Meeting with Professor Alan Fenwick and Dr Wendy Harrison of the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI)==		==Meeting with Professor Alan Fenwick and Dr Wendy Harrison of the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI)==

Harriet D. Gliddon at 16:02, 3 October 2010

Harriet D. Gliddon — Sun, 03 Oct 2010 16:02:38 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 16:02, 3 October 2010
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	One advantage of disease mapping is that it allows more effective intervention at the local level. In addition to this, environmental components are considered in relation to morbidity, so that models can be built to offer more accurate predictions of how a disease can behave on a global scale.		One advantage of disease mapping is that it allows more effective intervention at the local level. In addition to this, environmental components are considered in relation to morbidity, so that models can be built to offer more accurate predictions of how a disease can behave on a global scale.

-	CONTRAST, a network of researchers across sub-Saharan Africa, carries out schistosomiasis risk mapping and prediction. Of particular interest is the transmission of the disease and host-parasite dynamics.	+	CONTRAST, a network of researchers across sub-Saharan Africa, carries out schistosomiasis risk mapping and prediction. Of particular interest is the transmission of the disease and host-parasite dynamics (Stothard ''et al'', 2008).


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	====References====		====References====
-	~~Adair R, Nwaneri O. (1999) Communicable disease in African immigrants in Minneapolis. Arch Intern Med; 159: 83-85~~
-
	Balmer, A. & Martin, P. (2008) Synthetic Biology: Social and Ethical Challenges www.syntheticbiology.org Accessed on 05/08/10		Balmer, A. & Martin, P. (2008) Synthetic Biology: Social and Ethical Challenges www.syntheticbiology.org Accessed on 05/08/10

-	~~Check, E. (2002) ‘Venter aims for maximum impact with minimal genome,’ Nature Vol. 420 (28th November): 350~~
	Nature Editorial (2008) ‘Pathways to Security,’ Nature Vol. 445 (25 Sept): 43		Nature Editorial (2008) ‘Pathways to Security,’ Nature Vol. 445 (25 Sept): 43

	David, R.C. (2005) Schistosomiasis: overview of the history, biology, clinicopathology, and laboratory diagnosis, Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 27 pp. 163–169		David, R.C. (2005) Schistosomiasis: overview of the history, biology, clinicopathology, and laboratory diagnosis, Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 27 pp. 163–169

-	D. Engels, E. Sinzinkayo and B. Gryseels, Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications, Am. J. ~~Trop. Med. Hyg. 54 (1996),~~ pp. 319–324	+	D. Engels, E. Sinzinkayo and B. Gryseels (1996) Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications, Am. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. pp. 319–324

	Global Forum for Health Research (1999) 10/90 Report on Health Research 1999		Global Forum for Health Research (1999) 10/90 Report on Health Research 1999
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	Johnson, B. (2010) Synthetic Biology Dialogue		Johnson, B. (2010) Synthetic Biology Dialogue
-	Molyneux, D. H, Hotez, P. J. & Fenwick, A. (2005) Rapid-Impact Interventions: How a Policy of Integrated Control for Africa’s Neglected Tropical Diseases Could Benefit the Poor PLoS Medicine.	+
		+	Molyneux, D. H, Hotez, P. J. & Fenwick, A. (2005) Rapid-Impact Interventions: How a Policy of Integrated Control for Africa’s Neglected Tropical Diseases Could Benefit the Poor. PLoS Medicine.

	Liu, Z. S., Zhang, L., Yang, H., Zhu, Y. H., Jin, W., Song, Q. A. & Yang, X. L. (2010) Magnetic microbead-based enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of Schistosoma japonicum antibody in human serum. Analytical Biochemistry 404:127-134		Liu, Z. S., Zhang, L., Yang, H., Zhu, Y. H., Jin, W., Song, Q. A. & Yang, X. L. (2010) Magnetic microbead-based enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of Schistosoma japonicum antibody in human serum. Analytical Biochemistry 404:127-134
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	McKerrow, J. H. & Salter, J. (2002) Invasion of skin by Schistosoma cercariae. Trends in Parasitology 18:193-195		McKerrow, J. H. & Salter, J. (2002) Invasion of skin by Schistosoma cercariae. Trends in Parasitology 18:193-195

-	Roca C, Balanzo X, Gascon J, Fernandez-Roure JL, Vinuesa T, Valls ME, Sauca G, Corachan M. Comparative, clinicoepidemiologic study of Schistosoma mansoni infections in travellers and immigrants in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 219-223	+	Schmidt, M. (2008) Diffusion of synthetic biology: a challenge to biosafety Systems and Synthetic Biology
-		+
-	Schmidt, M. (2008) Diffusion of synthetic biology: a challenge to biosafety ~~Syst Synt Biol~~	+
	www.synbiosafe.eu accessed on 16/08/10		www.synbiosafe.eu accessed on 16/08/10
-
-	~~El Shazly, S. & El Saadany, S. (2006) Schistosomiasis Tanta Med. Sci. J. 1 pp. 1–10.~~

	Steinmann, P.,Keiser, J., Bos, R., Tanner, M. & Utzinger, J. (2005) Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk, Lancet Infect. Dis. 6 pp. 411–425		Steinmann, P.,Keiser, J., Bos, R., Tanner, M. & Utzinger, J. (2005) Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk, Lancet Infect. Dis. 6 pp. 411–425

Harriet D. Gliddon: Contrast paper, WHO paper

Harriet D. Gliddon — Sat, 02 Oct 2010 14:55:36 GMT

Contrast paper, WHO paper

←Older revision		Revision as of 14:55, 2 October 2010
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	Over 1 billion people - a sixth of the world’s population - suffer from one or more NTD (WHO, 2007). Despite affecting over 90% of the world’s population in one way or another, only 10% of worldwide health research funding goes into finding preventative or curative treatment for NTDs. This statistic was published by the Global Health Forum and is now referred to as the ‘10/90 gap’ (Global Forum for Health Research, 1999). The 10/90 gap probably exists because of the fact that the majority of people affected by NTDs live in developing countries, and so profit margins for NTD drugs are negligible.		Over 1 billion people - a sixth of the world’s population - suffer from one or more NTD (WHO, 2007). Despite affecting over 90% of the world’s population in one way or another, only 10% of worldwide health research funding goes into finding preventative or curative treatment for NTDs. This statistic was published by the Global Health Forum and is now referred to as the ‘10/90 gap’ (Global Forum for Health Research, 1999). The 10/90 gap probably exists because of the fact that the majority of people affected by NTDs live in developing countries, and so profit margins for NTD drugs are negligible.

-	NTDs are most commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa and in urban settings in developing countries in Asia and Latin America. The effects of NTDs include long-term disability, disfigurement, impaired childhood growth, adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduced economic productivity. In fact, the effect on worker productivity causes billions of dollars to be lost each year, and retains a country in poverty (Hotez et al, 2006; Molyneux et al, 2005). Added to the problem is that of climate change, which is creating favourable conditions for the spread of many NTDs and their vectors, and so it is expected that in the years to come their effects will be felt all the more gravely.	+	NTDs are most commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa and in urban settings in developing countries in Asia and Latin America (Hotez ''et al'', 2006). The effects of NTDs include long-term disability, disfigurement, impaired childhood growth, adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduced economic productivity. In fact, the effect on worker productivity causes billions of dollars to be lost each year, and retains a country in poverty (Hotez et al, 2006; Molyneux et al, 2005). Added to the problem is that of climate change, which is creating favourable conditions for the spread of many NTDs and their vectors, and so it is expected that in the years to come their effects will be felt all the more gravely.

	Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is an NTD that affects over 200 million people worldwide (Steinmann ''et al'', 2005) and has drastic effects on the economic viability of the country in which it is endemic (Sturrock, R. F., 1993). The schistosoma species which are human parasites are found in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia (Liu ''et al'', 2010). The parasite has a complicated lifecycle, involving two hosts; snails and humans, and infects humans by breaking through the skin during contact with contaminated water.		Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is an NTD that affects over 200 million people worldwide (Steinmann ''et al'', 2005) and has drastic effects on the economic viability of the country in which it is endemic (Sturrock, R. F., 1993). The schistosoma species which are human parasites are found in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia (Liu ''et al'', 2010). The parasite has a complicated lifecycle, involving two hosts; snails and humans, and infects humans by breaking through the skin during contact with contaminated water.
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	Steinmann, P.,Keiser, J., Bos, R., Tanner, M. & Utzinger, J. (2005) Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk, Lancet Infect. Dis. 6 pp. 411–425		Steinmann, P.,Keiser, J., Bos, R., Tanner, M. & Utzinger, J. (2005) Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk, Lancet Infect. Dis. 6 pp. 411–425
		+
		+	Stothard, J. R. (2008) Improving control of African schistosomiasis: towards effective use of rapid diagnostic tests within an appropriate disease surveillance model. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

	Sturrock, R. F. (1993) The control of schistosomiasis. Second report of the WHO expert committee Geneva: World Health Organisation Vol II		Sturrock, R. F. (1993) The control of schistosomiasis. Second report of the WHO expert committee Geneva: World Health Organisation Vol II
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		+	World Health Organisation (2003) Communicable diseases 2002: global defence against the infectious disease threat (ed. Kindhauser, M. K.), Geneva, pp. 106-107.

	WHO/UNICEF (2010) Progress on sanitation and drinking-water 2010 update		WHO/UNICEF (2010) Progress on sanitation and drinking-water 2010 update