Helena Olivieri Individual Journal Assignment Week 3: Difference between revisions
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*Ammonia concentration repressed, through gene GDH1, and induced, through GDH2, RNA expression of nitrogen-regulated genes. | *Ammonia concentration repressed, through gene GDH1, and induced, through GDH2, RNA expression of nitrogen-regulated genes. | ||
*Proline permease Put4p and Gap1p genes regulated in response to ammonia concentration | *Proline permease Put4p and Gap1p genes regulated in response to ammonia concentration | ||
*GAP1 and PUT4 gene RNA decreased with increase of ammonia concentration past 44 mM | |||
*Biosynthetic genes ILV5 and HIS4 RNA quantities increased with higher ammonia concentrations at a max of 66 mM, after 66 mM, amounts decrease | *Biosynthetic genes ILV5 and HIS4 RNA quantities increased with higher ammonia concentrations at a max of 66 mM, after 66 mM, amounts decrease | ||
===Enzyme Activities:=== | ===Enzyme Activities:=== | ||
*Do changes in ammonia concentrations affect enzyme activity involved in the conversion of ammonia to glutamate or glutamine? (Figure 3) | *Do changes in ammonia concentrations affect enzyme activity involved in the conversion of ammonia to glutamate or glutamine? (Figure 3) |
Revision as of 21:17, 30 January 2013
The Concentration of Ammonia Regulates Nitrogen Metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiase
Abstract:
- S. cerevisiase cultured with various concentrations of ammonia, effects observed
- Relationship between extracellular ammonia and intracellular glutamate and glutamine concentrations, levels of NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity and mRNA studied
Introduction:
- Ammonia is nitrogenous source that encourages most rapid growth in Saccharomyces cervisiae
- Nitrogen metabolism regulated at genetic and enzymatic levels
- Concentration of ammonia relevant to growth activity
- The study emphasizes the significance of having constant flux levels between cultures in order to study the effects of differing ammonia concentration.
Physiological Parameters:
- While glucose concentration remained constant at 100 mM, S. cerevisiae concentration was studied at concentrations of 29, 44, 61, 66, 78, 90, 96, 114, and 118 mM
- Figure 1A displays a direct correlation between ammonia concentration and biomass between 29 and 61 mM. Limited by glucose levels, concentrations higher than 61 mM did not alter biomass.
- The overall ammonia flux into biomass was approximately 1.1 mmol/gh
- Figure 1B displays that at ammonia concentrations above 44 mM, CO2 production and O2 consumptions remain constant.
- Below concentrations of 44 mM, O2 consumption greatly decreased, while CO2 production increased. Residual glucose levels did not change.
- After 29 mM, increase in ammonia concentration, therefore, did not cause relevant change to carbon metabolism.
- Figure 1C displays the relationship between ketoglutarate, glutamate, and glutamine
*Given incorporation of ammonia, glutamate is converted to glutamine *Ketoglutarate concentration is cut in half when excess of ammonia is present *Intracellular glutamate concentration tripled given excess ammonia
- Glutamine concentration increases linearly
Northern Analyses:
- Northern Blot technique used to analyze if changes were made to RNA levels of nitrogen-regulated genes
- Figure 2 displays gene expression in relation to ammonia concentration
- Amino acid permease-encoding genes: GAP1 and PUT4
- Biosynthetic genes: ILV5 and HIS4
- GDH1, GLN1, HIS4, ACT1, and H2A-H2B genes also detected through Northern Blot
- Most GLN1, a gene that utilized ammonia, was maximized at 61 mM.
- Ammonia concentration repressed, through gene GDH1, and induced, through GDH2, RNA expression of nitrogen-regulated genes.
- Proline permease Put4p and Gap1p genes regulated in response to ammonia concentration
- GAP1 and PUT4 gene RNA decreased with increase of ammonia concentration past 44 mM
- Biosynthetic genes ILV5 and HIS4 RNA quantities increased with higher ammonia concentrations at a max of 66 mM, after 66 mM, amounts decrease
Enzyme Activities:
- Do changes in ammonia concentrations affect enzyme activity involved in the conversion of ammonia to glutamate or glutamine? (Figure 3)
*NADPH-glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD-GDH, and GS activity studied *Between 29-118 mM NADPH-GDH decreased, less GDH1 expressed *NADPH-GDH increased between 20 and 61 mM *After 61 mM, no changes
- Ultimately, article suggestes that S. cerevisiae likely may have a mechanism to detect nitrogen