Helena Olivieri Individual Journal Assignment Week 3: Difference between revisions
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==The Concentration of Ammonia Regulates Nitrogen Metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiase== | ==The Concentration of Ammonia Regulates Nitrogen Metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiase== | ||
===Important Terms=== | |||
*Flux: "The total amount of a quantity passing through a given surface per unit time. Typical quantities include (magnetic) field lines, particles, heat, energy, mass of fluid, etc."[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Flux] | |||
*Glutamate: "major fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system."[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Glutamate] | |||
*Northern blot analysis: "A procedure similar to the southern blot analysis, used mostly to separate and identify rNA fragments; typically via transferring RNA fragments from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter followed by detection with a suitable probe."[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Northern_blot_analysis] | |||
*Permease: "general term for a membrane protein that increases the permeability of the plasma membrane to a particular molecule, by a process not requiring metabolic energy."[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Permease] | |||
*Biosynthesis: "The production of a complex chemical compound from simpler precursors in a living organism, usually involving enzymes (to catalyze the reaction) and energy source (such as ATP)"[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Biosynthesis] | |||
*Ammonia: "The common Name for NH3, a strongly basic, irritating, colourlessgas which is lighter than air and readily soluble in water. It is formed in nature as a by-product of protein metabolism in animals.Industrially, it is used in explosives, fertiliser, refrigerants, household cleaningsolutions, etc."[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Ammonia] | |||
*Metabolite: "Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. Any substance involved in metabolism (either as a product of metabolism or as necessary for metabolism).An end product as a result of metabolism." [http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Metabolite] | |||
*Gram-negative bacteria: "bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by grams method"[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Gram-negative_bacteria] | |||
*Oligonucleotides: polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesised to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (oligonucleotide probes). [http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Oligonucleotides] | |||
*Glutamine: "A crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins; important in protein metabolism.One of the 20 amino acids that are commonly found in proteins." [http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Glutamine] | |||
===Abstract:=== | ===Abstract:=== | ||
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*After 29 mM, increase in ammonia concentration, therefore, did not cause relevant change to carbon metabolism. | *After 29 mM, increase in ammonia concentration, therefore, did not cause relevant change to carbon metabolism. | ||
*Figure 1C displays the relationship between ketoglutarate, glutamate, and glutamine | *Figure 1C displays the relationship between ketoglutarate, glutamate, and glutamine | ||
*Given incorporation of ammonia, glutamate is converted to glutamine | |||
*Ketoglutarate concentration is cut in half when excess of ammonia is present | |||
*Intracellular glutamate concentration tripled given excess ammonia | |||
*Glutamine concentration increases linearly | *Glutamine concentration increases linearly | ||
===Northern Analyses:=== | ===Northern Analyses:=== | ||
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*Ammonia concentration repressed, through gene GDH1, and induced, through GDH2, RNA expression of nitrogen-regulated genes. | *Ammonia concentration repressed, through gene GDH1, and induced, through GDH2, RNA expression of nitrogen-regulated genes. | ||
*Proline permease Put4p and Gap1p genes regulated in response to ammonia concentration | *Proline permease Put4p and Gap1p genes regulated in response to ammonia concentration | ||
*GAP1 and PUT4 gene RNA decreased with increase of ammonia concentration past 44 mM | |||
*Biosynthetic genes ILV5 and HIS4 RNA quantities increased with higher ammonia concentrations at a max of 66 mM, after 66 mM, amounts decrease | *Biosynthetic genes ILV5 and HIS4 RNA quantities increased with higher ammonia concentrations at a max of 66 mM, after 66 mM, amounts decrease | ||
===Enzyme Activities:=== | ===Enzyme Activities:=== | ||
*Do changes in ammonia concentrations affect enzyme activity involved in the conversion of ammonia to glutamate or glutamine? (Figure 3) | *Do changes in ammonia concentrations affect enzyme activity involved in the conversion of ammonia to glutamate or glutamine? (Figure 3) | ||
*NADPH-glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD-GDH, and GS activity studied | |||
*Between 29-118 mM NADPH-GDH decreased, less GDH1 expressed | |||
*NADPH-GDH increased between 20 and 61 mM | |||
*After 61 mM, no changes | |||
*Ultimately, article suggestes that S. cerevisiae likely may have a mechanism to detect nitrogen | *Ultimately, article suggestes that S. cerevisiae likely may have a mechanism to detect nitrogen |
Latest revision as of 21:41, 30 January 2013
The Concentration of Ammonia Regulates Nitrogen Metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiase
Important Terms
- Flux: "The total amount of a quantity passing through a given surface per unit time. Typical quantities include (magnetic) field lines, particles, heat, energy, mass of fluid, etc."[1]
- Glutamate: "major fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system."[2]
- Northern blot analysis: "A procedure similar to the southern blot analysis, used mostly to separate and identify rNA fragments; typically via transferring RNA fragments from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter followed by detection with a suitable probe."[3]
- Permease: "general term for a membrane protein that increases the permeability of the plasma membrane to a particular molecule, by a process not requiring metabolic energy."[4]
- Biosynthesis: "The production of a complex chemical compound from simpler precursors in a living organism, usually involving enzymes (to catalyze the reaction) and energy source (such as ATP)"[5]
- Ammonia: "The common Name for NH3, a strongly basic, irritating, colourlessgas which is lighter than air and readily soluble in water. It is formed in nature as a by-product of protein metabolism in animals.Industrially, it is used in explosives, fertiliser, refrigerants, household cleaningsolutions, etc."[6]
- Metabolite: "Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. Any substance involved in metabolism (either as a product of metabolism or as necessary for metabolism).An end product as a result of metabolism." [7]
- Gram-negative bacteria: "bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by grams method"[8]
- Oligonucleotides: polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesised to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (oligonucleotide probes). [9]
- Glutamine: "A crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins; important in protein metabolism.One of the 20 amino acids that are commonly found in proteins." [10]
Abstract:
- S. cerevisiase cultured with various concentrations of ammonia, effects observed
- Relationship between extracellular ammonia and intracellular glutamate and glutamine concentrations, levels of NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity and mRNA studied
Introduction:
- Ammonia is nitrogenous source that encourages most rapid growth in Saccharomyces cervisiae
- Nitrogen metabolism regulated at genetic and enzymatic levels
- Concentration of ammonia relevant to growth activity
- The study emphasizes the significance of having constant flux levels between cultures in order to study the effects of differing ammonia concentration.
Physiological Parameters:
- While glucose concentration remained constant at 100 mM, S. cerevisiae concentration was studied at concentrations of 29, 44, 61, 66, 78, 90, 96, 114, and 118 mM
- Figure 1A displays a direct correlation between ammonia concentration and biomass between 29 and 61 mM. Limited by glucose levels, concentrations higher than 61 mM did not alter biomass.
- The overall ammonia flux into biomass was approximately 1.1 mmol/gh
- Figure 1B displays that at ammonia concentrations above 44 mM, CO2 production and O2 consumptions remain constant.
- Below concentrations of 44 mM, O2 consumption greatly decreased, while CO2 production increased. Residual glucose levels did not change.
- After 29 mM, increase in ammonia concentration, therefore, did not cause relevant change to carbon metabolism.
- Figure 1C displays the relationship between ketoglutarate, glutamate, and glutamine
- Given incorporation of ammonia, glutamate is converted to glutamine
- Ketoglutarate concentration is cut in half when excess of ammonia is present
- Intracellular glutamate concentration tripled given excess ammonia
- Glutamine concentration increases linearly
Northern Analyses:
- Northern Blot technique used to analyze if changes were made to RNA levels of nitrogen-regulated genes
- Figure 2 displays gene expression in relation to ammonia concentration
- Amino acid permease-encoding genes: GAP1 and PUT4
- Biosynthetic genes: ILV5 and HIS4
- GDH1, GLN1, HIS4, ACT1, and H2A-H2B genes also detected through Northern Blot
- Most GLN1, a gene that utilized ammonia, was maximized at 61 mM.
- Ammonia concentration repressed, through gene GDH1, and induced, through GDH2, RNA expression of nitrogen-regulated genes.
- Proline permease Put4p and Gap1p genes regulated in response to ammonia concentration
- GAP1 and PUT4 gene RNA decreased with increase of ammonia concentration past 44 mM
- Biosynthetic genes ILV5 and HIS4 RNA quantities increased with higher ammonia concentrations at a max of 66 mM, after 66 mM, amounts decrease
Enzyme Activities:
- Do changes in ammonia concentrations affect enzyme activity involved in the conversion of ammonia to glutamate or glutamine? (Figure 3)
- NADPH-glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD-GDH, and GS activity studied
- Between 29-118 mM NADPH-GDH decreased, less GDH1 expressed
- NADPH-GDH increased between 20 and 61 mM
- After 61 mM, no changes
- Ultimately, article suggestes that S. cerevisiae likely may have a mechanism to detect nitrogen