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=Chlorambucil= | =Chlorambucil= | ||
'''1. Properties of Chlorambuil''' | |||
<div style="text-align:justify;"> | |||
Chlorambucil is a bifunctional alkylating chemotherapeutic agent of the mustardgas type [1], clinically used as treatment for Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia (CLL), and advanced ovarian and breast carcinomas. CLB has been used for 50 years, and still used as the first –line treatment against CLL, especially for those patients aged older than 65.[2-3] | |||
Reports suggested the NMs are transported into the cell by passive diffusion, together with the help of carrier-mediated systems in a dose-dependent way.[4-5] The NMs were shown to cause alkylation of DNA, RNA, and proteins. NMs covalently cross-link DNA via a sequence of aziridinium ion formation, and later alkylation. The formation of the interstrand cross-links results in seizure of the replication fork, leading to the shutdown of replication. | |||
Due to the lack of selectivity of cytotoxic drug, it cannot accurately discriminate the between healthy and malignant cells, leading to systemic toxicity and side effects. | |||
Side effects including: | |||
Hematologic: Most common side effects include bone marrow depression, anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, or pancytopenia. Bone marrow depression due to the use of Chlorambucil is usually reversible if the withdrawn is early enough. | |||
Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal disturbance such as nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and oral ulceration occurs infrequently. | |||
CNS: Tremors, muscular twitching, myclonia, confusion, agitation, ataxia, flaccid paresis, and hallucinations have been reported rare adverse experiences, and resolves after discontinuation of the drug. | |||
'''2. References'''<br> | |||
[1] Rajski, S. R., and Williams, R. M. (1998) DNA cross-linking agents as antitumor drugs. Chem. Rev. 98, 2723−2796.<br> | |||
[2] Eichhorst, B. F., Busch, R., Stilgenbauer, S., Stauch, M., Bergmann, M. A., Ritgen, M., Kranzhöfer, N., Rohrberg, R., Söling, U., Burkhard, O., Westermann, A., Goede, V., Schweighofer, C. D., Fischer, K., Fink, A.-M., Wendtner, C. M., Brittinger, G., Döhner, H., Emmerich, B., and Hallek, M., the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG) (2009) First-line therapy with fludarabine compared with chlorambucil does not lymphocytic result in a major benefit for elderly patients with advanced chronic leukemia. Blood 114, 3382−3391.<br> | |||
[3] Dreyling, M., Polliack, A., and Tadmor, T. (2011) Chlorambucil in indolent mantle cell lymphoma-just another old drug for a new disease? Leuk. Lymphoma 52, 351−352.<br> | |||
[4] Goldenberg, G. J., Land, H. B., & Cormack, D. V. (1974). Mechanism of cyclophosphamide transport by L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro. Cancer Research, 34(12), 3274-3282.<br> | |||
[5] Hill, B. T. Studies on the transport and cellular distribution of Chlorambucil in the Yoshida ascites sarcoma. Biochem. Pharmacol., 21:495-502, 1972.<br> | |||
[6] Rajski, Scott R., and Robert M. Williams. "DNA cross-linking agents as antitumor drugs." Chemical reviews 98.8 (1998): 2723-2796.<br> | |||
=Folic acid= | =Folic acid= | ||
Revision as of 05:34, 23 October 2014
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Background & Motivation
Graphene Quantum Dot
Graphene quantum dot is a carbon materials which is nanometer-sized object where the excitons are confined in all three spatial dimensions. GQDs have diameters below 20nm. It is a graphene fragments that are small enough to cause excitons confine in a quantum size effect. The popularity of GQDs are due to a unique physical and chemical properties such as high electrical conductivity, high surface area, good resistance to corrosion high thermal stability, high chemical stability in non-oxidizing environments and particular mechanical properties. GQDs are abundant available with low toxicity, high soluble in various solvents and can be equipped with functional groups at their edges, making it superior compared to inorganic semiconductor QDs. However, research on GQDs is still in an early stage and the full potential has not yet been unraveled.
For our project, we focus on the bio-imaging properties of GQDs. GQDs is successful in the field of biotechnology due to their excellent optical properties and extreme low cytotoxicity. Reports have revealed that significant weakening in cell activity on addition of up to 400µg of GQDs to 150µL of culture medium. (104 cells). The ability of the GQDs to penetrate the cell nucleus makes them promising for applications in drug delivery systems and as gene carriers. GQDs are easily to penetrate tumor cells (human lung cancer, A549) and human breast cells (MCF-7) with little cytotoxicity. GQDs can be used in biological imaging and drug delivery, as their ability to penetrate cancer cells and stems cells, which allow a wide range of applications like C60 nanoparticles. It has been proved to have long fluorescence lifetimes and good stability against photo-bleaching.
GQDs represent an exciting future for carbon materials, and for the future of environmentally benign devices. The versatile chemistry of the carbon element of GQDs makes that new carbon forms with new applications are being developed in spite of the fact that a wide knowledge base is already available.
Chlorambucil
1. Properties of Chlorambuil
Chlorambucil is a bifunctional alkylating chemotherapeutic agent of the mustardgas type [1], clinically used as treatment for Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia (CLL), and advanced ovarian and breast carcinomas. CLB has been used for 50 years, and still used as the first –line treatment against CLL, especially for those patients aged older than 65.[2-3] Reports suggested the NMs are transported into the cell by passive diffusion, together with the help of carrier-mediated systems in a dose-dependent way.[4-5] The NMs were shown to cause alkylation of DNA, RNA, and proteins. NMs covalently cross-link DNA via a sequence of aziridinium ion formation, and later alkylation. The formation of the interstrand cross-links results in seizure of the replication fork, leading to the shutdown of replication. Due to the lack of selectivity of cytotoxic drug, it cannot accurately discriminate the between healthy and malignant cells, leading to systemic toxicity and side effects. Side effects including: Hematologic: Most common side effects include bone marrow depression, anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, or pancytopenia. Bone marrow depression due to the use of Chlorambucil is usually reversible if the withdrawn is early enough. Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal disturbance such as nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and oral ulceration occurs infrequently. CNS: Tremors, muscular twitching, myclonia, confusion, agitation, ataxia, flaccid paresis, and hallucinations have been reported rare adverse experiences, and resolves after discontinuation of the drug.
2. References
[1] Rajski, S. R., and Williams, R. M. (1998) DNA cross-linking agents as antitumor drugs. Chem. Rev. 98, 2723−2796.
[2] Eichhorst, B. F., Busch, R., Stilgenbauer, S., Stauch, M., Bergmann, M. A., Ritgen, M., Kranzhöfer, N., Rohrberg, R., Söling, U., Burkhard, O., Westermann, A., Goede, V., Schweighofer, C. D., Fischer, K., Fink, A.-M., Wendtner, C. M., Brittinger, G., Döhner, H., Emmerich, B., and Hallek, M., the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG) (2009) First-line therapy with fludarabine compared with chlorambucil does not lymphocytic result in a major benefit for elderly patients with advanced chronic leukemia. Blood 114, 3382−3391.
[3] Dreyling, M., Polliack, A., and Tadmor, T. (2011) Chlorambucil in indolent mantle cell lymphoma-just another old drug for a new disease? Leuk. Lymphoma 52, 351−352.
[4] Goldenberg, G. J., Land, H. B., & Cormack, D. V. (1974). Mechanism of cyclophosphamide transport by L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro. Cancer Research, 34(12), 3274-3282.
[5] Hill, B. T. Studies on the transport and cellular distribution of Chlorambucil in the Yoshida ascites sarcoma. Biochem. Pharmacol., 21:495-502, 1972.
[6] Rajski, Scott R., and Robert M. Williams. "DNA cross-linking agents as antitumor drugs." Chemical reviews 98.8 (1998): 2723-2796.
Folic acid
Properties of Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) Folic mediated Endocytosis References
