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<h2>Methodology</h2>


==DNA Origami Design==
<h4>1.DNA origami Structural requirements</h4>


==DNA origami Design==
DNA origami was designed using caDNAno software (http://cadnano.org/).
1.DNA origami Structural requirements
 
DNA origami was designed using caDNAno software (http://cadnano.org/).<br>
[[Image:methodology1.jpg|650px]]
[[Image:methodology1.jpg|190px]]<br>
<br> Fig.1, Nucleotide sequencing of the DNA origami
[[Image:methodology2.jpg|190px]][[Image:methodology3.jpg|190px]]<br>
 
[[Image:methodology4.jpg|190px]][[Image:methodology5.jpg|190px]]<br>
<br>[[Image:methodology2.jpg|350px]] [[Image:methodology3.jpg|350px]]
2.Design protocol
[[Image:methodology4.jpg|350px]] [[Image:methodology5.jpg|350px]]
<b>Oligo list for staple strands and scaffold</b>
<br> Fig.2-5, 3D structure of the folded DNA origami
1.All the oligo strands were ordered from TechDragon Limited, Hong Kong.  
 
2.Note: A 2,3,6 are modified by adding amine on 5’ end.
 
3.Reviews of the DNA origami design
<h4>2.Design protocol</h4>
 
#Oligo list for staple strands and scaffold
#All the oligo strands were ordered from TechDragon Limited, Hong Kong. (Note: A 2,3,6 are modified by adding amine on 5’ end.)
 
[[Image:Design_table1.png | 700px]]
 
 
 
<h4>3.Recipes for self-assembling of DNA origami</h4>
#Produce 100 mL 20x DNA folding Buffer:<br>[[Image:Design_table_2.png|220px|]]<br>(DNA folding buffer recipe)<br>
#Dilute with RNase free water to 100mL
#Staple strands and scaffold are combined in a 10:1 ratio so as to facilitate the chances of correct self-assembly
[[Image:Design_table3.2.png|350px|]]
 
(DNA self-assembly medium recipe)<br>


==Conjugation of the load==
==Conjugation of the load==
# Conjugation of DNA origami with folic acid
<h4>1. Conjugation of DNA origami with the drug chlorambucil</h4>
# Conjugation of DNA origami with chlorambucil
#Weight 1.22mg of Chlorambucil and dissolve in 10mL of Milli-Q water with 1% DMSO, labeled as Drug 1.<br>Weight 1.22mg of Chlorambucil and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water with 1% DMSO, labeled as Drug 2.
# Conjugation of DNA origami with graphene quantum dot
#Weight 3.9mg of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimid (EDC) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.<br>Weight 2.3mg of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.
#Chlorambucil solution, EDC and NHS are added to Eppendorf A1, A2 according to the following list.<br>A1: 5uL Drug 1 + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS<br>A2: 5uL Drug 2 + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS
#Vortex A1 and A2 for 30min
#Add 10uL of single strand DNA A2 of 0.1mM to A1 and A2
#Vortex A1 for 4H at room temperature about 25oC<br>Vortex A2 for 4H at 37oC
 
<h4>2. Conjugation of DNA origami with Folic acid</h4>
#Weight 1.77mg of Folic acid and dissolve in 10mL of Milli-Q water, labeled as FA 1.<br>Weight 1.77mg of Folic acid and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water, labeled as FA 2.
#Weight 3.9mg of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimid (EDC) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.<br>Weight 2.3mg of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.
#Folic acid solution, EDC and NHS are added to Eppendorf B1 and B2 according to the following list.<br>B1: 5uL FA1 + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS<br>B2: 5uL FA2 + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS
#Vortex B1 and B2 for 30min
#Add 10uL of single strand DNA A3 of 0.1mM to B1 and B2
#Vortex A1, B1 and E1 for 4H at room temperature about 25oC  <br>Vortex A2, B2 and E2 for 4H at 37oC
 
<h4>3. Conjugation of DNA origami with graphene quantum dot</h4>
#Dilute 0.5mL of Graphite Quantum Dot(GQD) stock solution 20mg/mL to 5mL with Milli-Q water.
#Weight 3.9mg of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimid (EDC) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.<br>Weight 2.3mg of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.
#GQD solution, EDC and NHS are added to Eppendorf E1 and E2 according to the following list<br>E1: 3uL GQD diluted + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS<br>E2: 3uL GQD stock + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS
#Vortex E1 and E2 for 30min
#Add 10uL of single strand DNA A6 of 0.1mM to E1 and E2
#Vortex E1 for 4H at room temperature about 25oC<br>Vortex E2 for 4H at 37oC


==Assembly of DNA origami==
==Assembly of DNA origami==
# Self-assembly of DNA origami condition<br>
<h4>1. Self-assembly of DNA origami condition</h4>
# DNA origami purification <br>
 
'''Gel Extraction using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit'''<br>
[[Image:Design table 4.png|500px]]
1. Chop the trimmed gel slice and place the pieces into the filter cup of the Quantum Prep Freeze ‘N Squeeze DNA Gel Extraction Spin  Column. Place the filter cup into the dolphin tube.If the volume of your trimmed gel slice is too great to fit into one filter cup, then use two or more and pool the recovered samples at the end of the protocol. <br>
 
2. Place the Quantum Prep Freeze ‘N Squeeze DNA Gel Extraction Spin Column (filter cup nested within dolphin tube) in a -20° C freezer for 5 minutes. <br>
<h4>2. DNA origami purification</h4>
3. Spin the sample at 13,000 x g for 3 minutes at room temperature. <br>
 
4. Collect the purified DNA from the collection tube; the agarose debris will be retained within the filter cup of the Quantum Prep Freeze ‘N Squeeze DNA Gel Extraction Spin Column. The DNA is ready to use for PCR, ligations, labeling or other enzymatic reactions. Ethanol precipitation is recommended for applications requiring a more concentrated sample and will also have the effect of further purifying the sample. <br>
<b>Agarose Gel Electrophoresis</b><br>
 
1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis was conducted at 70 volts for 1 hour 45 minutes<br>
in an ice water bath to separate annealed samples.The result of gel electrophoresis<br>
was visualized by Bio-Rad ChemiDoc XRS.
 
Recipes for a 1.5% Agarose Gel:
 
[[Image:Design_table_5.png|200px]]
 
Recipes for the Electrophoresis Buffer:
 
[[Image:Design_table_6.png|200px]]
 
Recipes for Control for Staple & Scaffold Strand:
 
[[Image:Design_table_7.png|500px]]
 
 
<b>Gel Extraction using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit</b>
 
#Chop the trimmed gel slice and place the pieces into the filter cup of the Quantum Prep Freeze ‘N Squeeze DNA Gel Extraction Spin  Column. Place the filter cup into the dolphin tube.If the volume of your trimmed gel slice is too great to fit into one filter cup, then use two or more and pool the recovered samples at the end of the protocol.
#Place the Quantum Prep Freeze ‘N Squeeze DNA Gel Extraction Spin Column (filter cup nested within dolphin tube) in a -20° C freezer for 5 minutes.
#Spin the sample at 13,000 x g for 3 minutes at room temperature.
#Collect the purified DNA from the collection tube; the agarose debris will be retained within the filter cup of the Quantum Prep Freeze ‘N Squeeze DNA Gel Extraction Spin Column. The DNA is ready to use for PCR, ligations, labeling or other enzymatic reactions. Ethanol precipitation is recommended for applications requiring a more concentrated sample and will also have the effect of further purifying the sample.
References <br>
References <br>
1. Thuring, R.W.J., Sanders, J.P.M. and Borst, P., Anal. Biochem., 66, 213, (1975).<br>
#Thuring, R.W.J., Sanders, J.P.M. and Borst, P., Anal. Biochem., 66, 213, (1975).
 
 
<b>DNA Precipitation</b>


#Add 1/10 volume of 3M sodium acetate (NaOAc) (pH 5.2) plus 2-3 volumes of cold 100% ethanol (ETOH) to the solution containing DNA.
#Place the solution at -20°C overnight.
#Centrifuge the solution at 14,00O RPM for 10-20 minutes at 4°C. Remove the ETOH and rinse the pellet with 70% ETOH.
#Centrifuge the re-suspended pellet again at 14000 RM for 5 minutes at 4°C. The ETOH is removed and the pellet is air-dried for about 10 min.
#Re-suspend the pellet for later use.




'''DNA Precipitation'''<br>
1. Add 1/10 volume of 3M sodium acetate (NaOAc) (pH 5.2) plus 2-3 volumes of cold 100% ethanol (ETOH) to the solution containing DNA.<br>
2. Place the solution at -20°C overnight.<br>
3. Centrifuge the solution at 14,00O RPM for 10-20 minutes at 4°C. Remove the ETOH and rinse the pellet with 70% ETOH.<br>
4. Centrifuge the re-suspended pellet again at 14000 RM for 5 minutes at 4°C. The ETOH is removed and the pellet is air-dried for about 10 min.<br>
5. Re-suspend the pellet for later use.<br>


===Characterized DNA origami by atomic force microscope===
<h4>3. Characterized DNA origami by atomic force microscope</h4>


1. Dilute DNA origami by phosphate buffer<br>
#Dilute DNA origami by phosphate buffer
2. Add 5 ul of conjugated DNA origami onto freshly-cleaved mica surface. Dry sufficiently before AFM study.<br>
#Add 5 ul of conjugated DNA origami onto freshly-cleaved mica surface. Dry sufficiently before AFM study.


The samples were tested on AFM platform under the observation of inverted microscopy (Bruker Nano, Santa Barbara, CA). In order to achieve resolution, the samples were applied onto freshly-cleaved 15x15mm mica sheet (Highest Grave V1, Ted Pella, U.S.A.) for immobilization during pretreatment. A sharp AFM tip (RTESPA, Bruker-nano, Santa Barbara, CA) was used to scan the samples in tapping mode with a scan rate of 1 Hz. All the images were analyzed by NanoScope Analysis Version 1.40.<br>
The samples were tested on AFM platform under the observation of inverted microscopy (Bruker Nano, Santa Barbara, CA). In order to achieve resolution, the samples were applied onto freshly-cleaved 15x15mm mica sheet (Highest Grave V1, Ted Pella, U.S.A.) for immobilization during pretreatment. A sharp AFM tip (RTESPA, Bruker-nano, Santa Barbara, CA) was used to scan the samples in tapping mode with a scan rate of 1 Hz. All the images were analyzed by NanoScope Analysis Version 1.40.


==Confocal microscopy & cytotoxicity assessment==
==Confocal microscopy & cytotoxicity assessment==
===Confocal microscopy for graphene quantum dot DNA origami complex===
<h4>Confocal microscopy for graphene quantum dot DNA origami complex</h4>
 
'''1. Cell Subculture for Hep G2 / HK-1'''<br>
#Apply aseptic techniques on all apparatus
#Observe cell
#Wash the cell with 5 ml PBS
#Transfer 4 ml PBS to T25
#Transfer 1 ml trypsin to T25 and, withdraw and discard 3.5 ml of the reaction mixture
#Incubate the cell in 37oC for 6 minutes
#Add variable fractions of cDMEM, extract the cell and transfer the cell into a centrifuge tube, top up to 11ml
#Centrifuge at 700G for 5 minutes
#Add 10ml cDMEM to a new T25
#Discard the supernatant and re-suspend the pellet in 1 ml medium
#Transfer variable drops of the re-suspension to the new T25
#Incubate the cell in 37oC till next time of subculture
 
 
'''2. Confocal Microscopy'''<br>
 
Day 1
 
#Perform cell count
#Seed cell in 35mm petri dish at a cell density of 1x104 cell/ml
#Add 2ml medium to petri dish
#Incubate in 37oC overnight
 
Day 2


'''Cell Subculture for Hep G2 / HK-1'''<br>
#Discard medium in petri dish
1. Apply aseptic techniques on all apparatus<br>
#Add 40ul DNA origami to 2 ml medium
2. Observe cell<br>
#Add the DNA-origami-containing medium to the 35mm petri dish
3. Wash the cell with 5 ml PBS<br>
#Incubate in 37oC overnight
4. Transfer 4 ml PBS to T25<br>
5. Transfer 1 ml trypsin to T25 and, withdraw and discard 3.5 ml of the reaction mixture<br>
6. Incubate the cell in 37oC for 6 minutes<br>
7. Add variable fractions of cDMEM, extract the cell and transfer the cell into a centrifuge tube, top up to 11ml<br>
8. Centrifuge at 700G for 5 minutes<br>
9. Add 10ml cDMEM to a new T25<br>
10. Discard the supernatant and re-suspend the pellet in 1 ml medium<br>
11. Transfer variable drops of the re-suspension to the new T25<br>
12. Incubate the cell in 37oC till next time of subculture<br>


'''Confocal Microscopy'''<br>
Day 3


Day 1<br>
#Wash the cell with 1ml PBS for 3 times
1. Perform cell count<br>
#Add 1ml PBS to the petri dish
2. Seed cell in 35mm petri dish at a cell density of 1x104 cell/ml<br>
#Observe cell under confocal microscope, using 405nm as the excitation wavelength, 460-560 as the emission wavelength
3. Add 2ml medium to petri dish<br>
4. Incubate in 37oC overnight<br>


Day 2<br>
1. Discard medium in petri dish<br>
2. Add 40ul DNA origami to 2 ml medium<br>
3. Add the DNA-origami-containing medium to the 35mm petri dish<br>
4. Incubate in 37oC overnight<br>


Day 3<br>
'''3. Cytotoxicity assessment by MTT assay for DNA origami-Drug efficacy'''
1. Wash the cell with 1ml PBS for 3 times<br>
2. Add 1ml PBS to the petri dish<br>
3. Observe cell under confocal microscope, using 405nm as the excitation wavelength, 460-560 as the emission wavelength<br>


'''Cytotoxicity assessment by MTT assay for DNA origami-Drug efficacy'''<br>
#Seed cells in 96-well plate at a cell density of 1x104 cell/ml  
1. Seed cells in 96-well plate at a cell density of 1x104 cell/ml <br>
#Incubate in 37oC overnight
2. Incubate in 37oC overnight<br>
#Add enough amount of PBS and medium to two petri dishes separately
3. Add enough amount of PBS and medium to two petri dishes separately<br>
#Observe cell
4. Observe cell<br>
#Discard the medium in 96-well plate
5. Discard the medium in 96-well plate<br>
#Wash cell with 150ul PBS each well for 3 times
6. Wash cell with 150ul PBS each well for 3 times<br>
#Add 500ul MTT solution into the medium in the petri dish
7. Add 500ul MTT solution into the medium in the petri dish<br>
#Add 100ul-MTT-containing medium to each well
8. Add 100ul-MTT-containing medium to each well<br>
#Cover the 96-well plate with aluminum sheet
9. Cover the 96-well plate with aluminum sheet<br>
#Incubate in 37oC for 3 hours
10. Incubate in 37oC for 3 hours<br>
#Add 11ml DMSO to a petri dish  
11. Add 11ml DMSO to a petri dish <br>
#Pipette out 70ul medium from each well
12. Pipette out 70ul medium from each well<br>
#Add 100ul DMSO to each well
13. Add 100ul DMSO to each well<br>
#Shake the plate in 200RPM for 15 minutes  
14. Shake the plate in 200RPM for 15 minutes <br>
#Masure the absorbance within 540 and 690nm using the plate spectrometer
15. Masure the absorbance within 540 and 690nm using the plate spectrometer<br>

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DNA Origami Design

1.DNA origami Structural requirements

DNA origami was designed using caDNAno software (http://cadnano.org/).


Fig.1, Nucleotide sequencing of the DNA origami



Fig.2-5, 3D structure of the folded DNA origami


2.Design protocol

  1. Oligo list for staple strands and scaffold
  2. All the oligo strands were ordered from TechDragon Limited, Hong Kong. (Note: A 2,3,6 are modified by adding amine on 5’ end.)


3.Recipes for self-assembling of DNA origami

  1. Produce 100 mL 20x DNA folding Buffer:

    (DNA folding buffer recipe)
  2. Dilute with RNase free water to 100mL
  3. Staple strands and scaffold are combined in a 10:1 ratio so as to facilitate the chances of correct self-assembly

(DNA self-assembly medium recipe)

Conjugation of the load

1. Conjugation of DNA origami with the drug chlorambucil

  1. Weight 1.22mg of Chlorambucil and dissolve in 10mL of Milli-Q water with 1% DMSO, labeled as Drug 1.
    Weight 1.22mg of Chlorambucil and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water with 1% DMSO, labeled as Drug 2.
  2. Weight 3.9mg of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimid (EDC) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.
    Weight 2.3mg of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.
  3. Chlorambucil solution, EDC and NHS are added to Eppendorf A1, A2 according to the following list.
    A1: 5uL Drug 1 + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS
    A2: 5uL Drug 2 + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS
  4. Vortex A1 and A2 for 30min
  5. Add 10uL of single strand DNA A2 of 0.1mM to A1 and A2
  6. Vortex A1 for 4H at room temperature about 25oC
    Vortex A2 for 4H at 37oC

2. Conjugation of DNA origami with Folic acid

  1. Weight 1.77mg of Folic acid and dissolve in 10mL of Milli-Q water, labeled as FA 1.
    Weight 1.77mg of Folic acid and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water, labeled as FA 2.
  2. Weight 3.9mg of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimid (EDC) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.
    Weight 2.3mg of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.
  3. Folic acid solution, EDC and NHS are added to Eppendorf B1 and B2 according to the following list.
    B1: 5uL FA1 + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS
    B2: 5uL FA2 + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS
  4. Vortex B1 and B2 for 30min
  5. Add 10uL of single strand DNA A3 of 0.1mM to B1 and B2
  6. Vortex A1, B1 and E1 for 4H at room temperature about 25oC
    Vortex A2, B2 and E2 for 4H at 37oC

3. Conjugation of DNA origami with graphene quantum dot

  1. Dilute 0.5mL of Graphite Quantum Dot(GQD) stock solution 20mg/mL to 5mL with Milli-Q water.
  2. Weight 3.9mg of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimid (EDC) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.
    Weight 2.3mg of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and dissolve in 1mL of Milli-Q water.
  3. GQD solution, EDC and NHS are added to Eppendorf E1 and E2 according to the following list
    E1: 3uL GQD diluted + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS
    E2: 3uL GQD stock + 5uL EDC + 5uL NHS
  4. Vortex E1 and E2 for 30min
  5. Add 10uL of single strand DNA A6 of 0.1mM to E1 and E2
  6. Vortex E1 for 4H at room temperature about 25oC
    Vortex E2 for 4H at 37oC

Assembly of DNA origami

1. Self-assembly of DNA origami condition

2. DNA origami purification

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis was conducted at 70 volts for 1 hour 45 minutes
in an ice water bath to separate annealed samples.The result of gel electrophoresis
was visualized by Bio-Rad ChemiDoc XRS.

Recipes for a 1.5% Agarose Gel:

Recipes for the Electrophoresis Buffer:

Recipes for Control for Staple & Scaffold Strand:


Gel Extraction using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit

  1. Chop the trimmed gel slice and place the pieces into the filter cup of the Quantum Prep Freeze ‘N Squeeze DNA Gel Extraction Spin Column. Place the filter cup into the dolphin tube.If the volume of your trimmed gel slice is too great to fit into one filter cup, then use two or more and pool the recovered samples at the end of the protocol.
  2. Place the Quantum Prep Freeze ‘N Squeeze DNA Gel Extraction Spin Column (filter cup nested within dolphin tube) in a -20° C freezer for 5 minutes.
  3. Spin the sample at 13,000 x g for 3 minutes at room temperature.
  4. Collect the purified DNA from the collection tube; the agarose debris will be retained within the filter cup of the Quantum Prep Freeze ‘N Squeeze DNA Gel Extraction Spin Column. The DNA is ready to use for PCR, ligations, labeling or other enzymatic reactions. Ethanol precipitation is recommended for applications requiring a more concentrated sample and will also have the effect of further purifying the sample.

References

  1. Thuring, R.W.J., Sanders, J.P.M. and Borst, P., Anal. Biochem., 66, 213, (1975).


DNA Precipitation

  1. Add 1/10 volume of 3M sodium acetate (NaOAc) (pH 5.2) plus 2-3 volumes of cold 100% ethanol (ETOH) to the solution containing DNA.
  2. Place the solution at -20°C overnight.
  3. Centrifuge the solution at 14,00O RPM for 10-20 minutes at 4°C. Remove the ETOH and rinse the pellet with 70% ETOH.
  4. Centrifuge the re-suspended pellet again at 14000 RM for 5 minutes at 4°C. The ETOH is removed and the pellet is air-dried for about 10 min.
  5. Re-suspend the pellet for later use.


3. Characterized DNA origami by atomic force microscope

  1. Dilute DNA origami by phosphate buffer
  2. Add 5 ul of conjugated DNA origami onto freshly-cleaved mica surface. Dry sufficiently before AFM study.

The samples were tested on AFM platform under the observation of inverted microscopy (Bruker Nano, Santa Barbara, CA). In order to achieve resolution, the samples were applied onto freshly-cleaved 15x15mm mica sheet (Highest Grave V1, Ted Pella, U.S.A.) for immobilization during pretreatment. A sharp AFM tip (RTESPA, Bruker-nano, Santa Barbara, CA) was used to scan the samples in tapping mode with a scan rate of 1 Hz. All the images were analyzed by NanoScope Analysis Version 1.40.

Confocal microscopy & cytotoxicity assessment

Confocal microscopy for graphene quantum dot DNA origami complex

1. Cell Subculture for Hep G2 / HK-1

  1. Apply aseptic techniques on all apparatus
  2. Observe cell
  3. Wash the cell with 5 ml PBS
  4. Transfer 4 ml PBS to T25
  5. Transfer 1 ml trypsin to T25 and, withdraw and discard 3.5 ml of the reaction mixture
  6. Incubate the cell in 37oC for 6 minutes
  7. Add variable fractions of cDMEM, extract the cell and transfer the cell into a centrifuge tube, top up to 11ml
  8. Centrifuge at 700G for 5 minutes
  9. Add 10ml cDMEM to a new T25
  10. Discard the supernatant and re-suspend the pellet in 1 ml medium
  11. Transfer variable drops of the re-suspension to the new T25
  12. Incubate the cell in 37oC till next time of subculture


2. Confocal Microscopy

Day 1

  1. Perform cell count
  2. Seed cell in 35mm petri dish at a cell density of 1x104 cell/ml
  3. Add 2ml medium to petri dish
  4. Incubate in 37oC overnight

Day 2

  1. Discard medium in petri dish
  2. Add 40ul DNA origami to 2 ml medium
  3. Add the DNA-origami-containing medium to the 35mm petri dish
  4. Incubate in 37oC overnight

Day 3

  1. Wash the cell with 1ml PBS for 3 times
  2. Add 1ml PBS to the petri dish
  3. Observe cell under confocal microscope, using 405nm as the excitation wavelength, 460-560 as the emission wavelength


3. Cytotoxicity assessment by MTT assay for DNA origami-Drug efficacy

  1. Seed cells in 96-well plate at a cell density of 1x104 cell/ml
  2. Incubate in 37oC overnight
  3. Add enough amount of PBS and medium to two petri dishes separately
  4. Observe cell
  5. Discard the medium in 96-well plate
  6. Wash cell with 150ul PBS each well for 3 times
  7. Add 500ul MTT solution into the medium in the petri dish
  8. Add 100ul-MTT-containing medium to each well
  9. Cover the 96-well plate with aluminum sheet
  10. Incubate in 37oC for 3 hours
  11. Add 11ml DMSO to a petri dish
  12. Pipette out 70ul medium from each well
  13. Add 100ul DMSO to each well
  14. Shake the plate in 200RPM for 15 minutes
  15. Masure the absorbance within 540 and 690nm using the plate spectrometer
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