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             <a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Sendai"><h1 style="color:white;" ><b>Biomod<span>2013<br>&emsp; Team</span>Sendai</b></h1></a>  
             <a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Sendai"><h1 style="color:white;" ><b>Biomod<span>2013<br>&emsp; Team</span>Sendai</b></h1></a>  


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<h2>Protocol</h2>
<h2>Protocol</h2>


<!-- tab隠すここから -->
<table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<!--
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#chain">
<span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">First stage: Sensing system</span></a></li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#bending">
<span class="tocnumber">1-1</span> <span class="toctext">Disruption of temperature sensitive liposomes</span></a></li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Flower">
<span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Second stage: Amplification system</span></a></li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#sensing">
<span class="tocnumber">2-1</span> <span class="toctext">DNA Origami approach</span></a></li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#5">
<span class="tocnumber">2-1-1</span> <span class="toctext">Making DNA Origami</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#6">
<span class="tocnumber">2-1-2</span> <span class="toctext">Labeling DNA Origami with fluorescent-tagged DNA</span></a></li>


<p class="sukima">Protocol
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#7">
</p>  
<span class="tocnumber">2-1-3</span> <span class="toctext">Disruption of liposomes by DNA Origami (microscopic analysis)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#13">
<span class="tocnumber">2-1-4</span> <span class="toctext">Disruption of liposomes by DNA Origami (quantitative analysis)</span></a></li>


    <section id="tabs">
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#8">
<span class="tocnumber">2-1-5</span> <span class="toctext">Confirming sequence specificity of DNA</span></a></li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#9">
<span class="tocnumber">2-2</span> <span class="toctext">Flower DNA approach</span></a></li>
<ul>


<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#11">
<span class="tocnumber">2-2-1</span> <span class="toctext">Disruption of liposomes by Flower DNA</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#12">
<span class="tocnumber">2-2-2</span> <span class="toctext">Confirming sequence specificity of DNA</span></a></li>


   
      <article data-title="Egg type molecular robbot">
<h3 id="experimentsubproject1">内側からアルギン酸膜を破壊するサブプロジェクト</h3></br>


<h4>1-1リポソームの作製とそれをバッファーに入れてアルギン酸ゲルビーズ内に入れる実験</h4></br>
</li>


グルコース100μℓにoil70μℓを加えてouterバッファーを作製した。次に、oil40μℓにBSG（？）（蛍光物質）を1μℓ加えて、ピペッティングとタッピングで白く濁るまで混ぜて、innerバッファーを作製した。そのinnerバッファーをouterバッファーの上に注いで70秒遠心にかけて、リポソームを作製した。</br>
遠心した後、チューブの底にたまったベシクルを取り出し、1.5% アルギン酸ナトリウムに加え、それをキャピラリー中に入れ、400mM 塩化カルシウム 140μL中に滴下してFig1のような装置で２～３分遠心した。</br>


<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/9/9f/Ensin.png"></br>
</ul>
    Fig1 アルギン酸ゲルビーズの作製</br></br>
</li>
 
</ul>
 
</td></tr></table>
 
<h4>1-2内部にバッファーの入ったアルギン酸膜の作製</h4></br>
 
 
Fig3のように外側の太いキャピラリーと内側の細いキャピラリーを作成する。
キャピラリーは外径1mmのものを熱加工した。</br>
</br>
外管には1.5%アルギン酸ナトリウム溶液を、内管には蛍光物質+mQをいれた</br>
 
２重キャピラリーを用いて2～3分遠心にかけ0.4M塩化カルシウム水溶液に滴下する。</br>
 
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/1/1d/Image_%E4%BB%AE.png"></br>
    Fig3 二重ノズルの構造</br></br>
 
 
<h4>2ニッパムの効果でリポソームが割れることの確認実験</h4></br>
 
 
ニッパム分子は３２度以下では水和していて親水性だが、３２度以上では収縮して疎水性になる。ニッパムがリポソームに修飾されると、３２度以下ではニッパム分子の水和により安定な状態になるが、３２度以上ではニッパム分子が疎水性になって不安定な状態になるので、３２度以上になった時にリポソームが割れることになる。</br>
 
参考</br>
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/SAJ/Brochure/1/j_recipedds2.Par.0001.File.tmp/j_recipedds2.pdf</br></br>
 
 
 
まず、PNIPAMに脂質を修飾する。まず、PNIPAMにCHCl3とAr存在下でジシクロヘキシルカーボジイミド（DCC）と、Ｎ-ヒドロキシ-シアナミド（NHS）を反応させる。（下図の１ができる）次に、CHCl3とAr存在下でジミリストイルホスファチジルエタノールアミン（dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine、DMPE）を反応させる。（下図の２ができる）このようにしてPNIPAMに脂質を修飾して、GUVによりニッパム修飾されたリポソームを作製した。</br></br>
 
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/e/e8/NIPAMgousei.png"></br>
    Fig4 PNIPAMへの脂質の修飾</br></br>
 
 
※W/Oエマルション法を用いたGUV(Giant Unilamellar Vesicle)によるリポソームの作製</br></br>
 
10mM DOPCのストック溶液をArガスで乾燥させた脂質フィルムをミクロチューブ内に作り真空デシケータ内でさらに乾燥させた。リン脂質フィルムに流動パラフィン 500μLを加える。超音波洗浄機を用いて60℃で60分間リン脂質をオイルに溶かした。インナー溶液を150mM スクロース、350mM グルコース、100mM EGTAとする。オイルに溶かしたリン脂質にインナー溶液 50μLを加え、遠心分離し、エマルション溶液を作製した。アウター溶液を600mM グルコースとする。アウター溶液 100μLにエマルション溶液 70μLを加える。</br></br>
 
 
参考</br>
Thermoresponsive Nanostructures by Self-Assembly of a Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)−Lipid Conjugate
Daniel N. T. Hay ,† Paul G. Rickert ,‡ Sönke Seifert ,§ and Millicent A. Firestone *†
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126 (8), pp 2290–229　Publication Date (Web): February 3, 2004</br></br>
 
 
<h4>3アルギン酸ゲルビーズを溶かすのに必要なＥＧＴＡの濃度と時間の測定</h4></br>
 
<h4>4尿素アニーリングによるＤＮＡオリガミの作製とその作製にかかる時間の測定</h4></br>
 
 
M13pm18(7249nt)と226個のステプルを100μℓの12.5mMの酢酸マグネシウム入りの10×TAEの中に入れ、95℃から20℃に１℃/分でアニーリングしたものとM13pm18と226個のステイプルを300μℓの12.5ｍMの酢酸マグネシウムと85%のホルムアルデヒド入りの10×TAEの中に入れ、透析装置で0.2mℓ/分の割合で次第にホルムアルデヒドの濃度を薄くしていったものとをAFMや電気泳動で調べた。</br>
 
 
<h4>5温度を上げればアルギン酸膜が破壊されることの確認</h4></br>
 
 
 
<h4>6アルギン酸膜内で尿素アニーリングができていることの確認</h4></br>


<h3 id=chain>First stage: Sensing system </h3>
<h4 id=bending>1-1 Disruption of temperature sensitive liposomes</h4>
<h5> Structure of NIPAM</h5><br>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/f/f5/Nipam.png"width="180"height="210"><br>
poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide<br>
<h5> Making liposome</h5>
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Egg York PC(10mM)</td>
<td> 10µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Cholesterol(10mM)</td>
<td> 1µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> CHCl<sub>3</sub></td>
<td> 90µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">
Table1 Materials for liposome preparation<br><br>
</div>


<h4>7全体のシステムの機能確認</h4></br>
1. Egg york PC and cholesterol solution was mixed and put on a glass tube.<br>
 
2. To create a dried lipid film, the lipid solution was put on a glass tube then The solution was dried by argon gas and then in vacuum for a night. <br>
 
3. Adding the pure water onto the dried lipid film to obtaining the giant liposomes.<br>
      </article>
4. The liposome solution 10µL was gently mixed with 25μl NIPAM solution (2mg/ml in the pure water).<br>
 
-->
<!--     
      <article data-title="Chain Reaction">
-->
<!--tab隠すここまで-->




<h3>Step 2 Chain-reactive burst</h3>
<h3 id=Flower>Second stage: Amplification system</h5>
<h4>i)Bending approach</h4>
<h4 id=sensing>2-1 DNA Origami approach</h4>
<h4>1)Making DNA origami</h4>
<h5 id=5>2-1-1 Making DNA Origami</h5>
<h4>1-1)Making DNA origami</h4>
<h5>Making DNA origami</h5>
<h5>DNA origami recipe</h5>
<h6>DNA origami recipe</h6>
We designed DNA origami by <A Href="http://cadnano.org/">caDNAno2</A>, software for designing 2D and 3D DNA origami.<br>
We designed DNA origami by <A Href="http://cadnano.org/">caDNAno2</A>, software for designing 2D and 3D DNA origami.<br>
Our DNA origami has 141 staples that have 30nt free single-stranded parts outside the DNA origami. The sequence of the parts is <i>“<font color="#00a0c0">each DNA origami staple</font>-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT<font color="red">CTGTCGCATCGAGAG</font>”</i>.<br>
Our DNA origami has 141 staples that have 30nt free single-stranded parts outside the DNA origami. The sequence of the parts is “<font color="#00a0c0">each DNA origami staple</font>-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT<font color="red">CTGTCGCATCGAGAG</font>”.<br>
Between the staple and unique (<i><font color="red">CTGTCGCATCGAGAG</font></i>) sequences, 15 T bases are inserted. They are to make a T loop. Thanks to this T loop, single-stranded DNAs complementary to the unique sequence are expected to easily hybridize with the unique sequence.<br>
Between the staple and unique (<font color="red">CTGTCGCATCGAGAG</font>) sequences, 15 T bases are inserted. They are to make a T loop. Thanks to this T loop, single-stranded DNA complementary to the unique sequences (such as Origami-anchor DNA) are expected to easily hybridize with the unique sequence.<br>
The 30nt single-stranded parts are stable till 37 degrees, according to <A Href="http://www.nupack.org/">NUPACK</A>).<br>
The 30nt single-stranded parts are stable till 37°C, according to <A Href="http://www.nupack.org/">NUPACK</A>).<br>
The 141 staples have the same length so that they may place at the same intervals in the DNA origami.<br>
The 141 staples have the same length so that they may be present at the same intervals in the DNA origami.<br>
Each side of our origami is not fully covered with staples, and single-stranded M13 remains. This is for preventing π-π interaction and stacking by hydrophobic interaction between base pairs of double-stranded DNAs.<br>
Each side of our origami is not fully covered with staples, and single-stranded M13 remains. This is for preventing π-π interaction and stacking by hydrophobic interaction between base pairs of double-stranded DNA.<br>
This design enables each DNA origami to exist individually.<br>
This design enables each DNA origami to exist individually.<br>
<br>
<br>
<h5>The list of strands</h5>
<h6>The list of strands</h6>
The other strands exept DNA origami staples used in our experiment are shown in Table1.<br>
The other strands exept DNA origami staples used in our experiment are shown in Table2.<br>
The sequence of cholesterol-conjugated DNA (in the rest of this document, referred to as ccDNA) is shown below (at the first sequence in Table1). For labeling, we also attached fluorescent tagged DNA (at the second in Table1) to our DNA origami.<br>
The sequence of Origami-anchor DNA is shown below (at the first sequence in Table2). For labeling, we also attached fluorescent-tagged DNA (at the second in Table2) to our DNA origami.<br>
To hybridize different strands of cc DNA and fluorescent tagged DNA with the same unique single-stranded parts of our origami, we arranged two kinds of adaptor DNAs (at the third and fourth in Table1). One adaptor has complementary sequences to both the unique sequence and cc DNA. The other has complementary sequences to both the unique sequence and the fluorescent tagged DNA. Thanks to these two adaptors, two different strands can bind to the same unique sequence. <br>  
To hybridize both Origami-anchor DNA and fluorescent-tagged DNA with the same unique single-stranded parts of our Origami, we arranged two kinds of adaptor DNA (at the third and fourth in Table2). One adaptor has complementary sequences to both the unique sequence and Origami-anchor DNA. The other has complementary sequences to both the unique sequence and the fluorescent-tagged DNA. Thanks to these two adaptors, two different strands can bind to the same unique sequence. <br>  
<br>
<br>
<table border cellspacing="0" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="lightyellow">
<td> The kinds of DNA strands </td>
<td> The kinds of DNAtrands </td>
<td> Its sequence </td>
<td> Its sequence </td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Cholesterol-conjugated DNA (ccDNA)</td>
<td> Origami-anchor DNA</td>
<td> CCAGAAGACG
<td> CCAGAAGACG
</td>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Fluorescent tagged DNA </td>
<td> Fluorescent-tagged DNA </td>
<td> ACTAGTGAGTGCAGCAGTCGTACCA </td>
<td> ACTAGTGAGTGCAGCAGTCGTACCA </td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Adaptor strand for cc DNA and the unique sequence in DNA origami </td>
<td> Adaptor strand for Origami-anchor DNA and the unique sequence in DNA origami </td>
<td> CGTCTTCTGGCTCTCGATGCGACAG </td>
<td> CGTCTTCTGGCTCTCGATGCGACAG </td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Adaptor strand for fluorescent tagged DNA and the unique sequence in DNA origami </td>
<td> Adaptor strand for fluorescent-tagged DNA and the unique sequence in DNA origami </td>
<td> TGGTACGACTGCTGCACTCACTAGTCTCTCGATGCGACAG </td>
<td> TGGTACGACTGCTGCACTCACTAGTCTCTCGATGCGACAG </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
Table.1 The sequence of the strands used in our experiment<br>
<div class="captiontable">Table2 The sequence of the strands</div><br>
<br>
<br>
<h5>Annealing</h5>
<h6>Annealing of DNA origami</h6>
The annealing solution is shown in Table2. The annealing was conducted for 2 hours and 51minutes (from 95 to 25 degrees: lower 1 degree per 2 minutes).<br>
The annealing solution is shown in Table3. The annealing was conducted for 2 hours and 51minutes (from 95 to 25°C: lower 1°C per 2 minutes).<br>
<br>
<br>
<ur><li>Annealing solution with fluorescent tagged DNAs 50µl<br>
<ur><li>Annealing solution with fluorescent-tagged DNA 50µL<br>
<table border cellspacing="0" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>84nM M13mp18</td>
<td>84nM M13mp18</td>
<td>2.38µl</td>
<td>2.4µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
Line 191: Line 184:
<tr>
<tr>
<td>1µM migihaji</td>
<td>1µM migihaji</td>
<td>1µl</td>
<td>1µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>1µM hidarihaji</td>
<td>1µM hidarihaji</td>
<td>1µl</td>
<td>1µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>1µM ashibatemae</td>
<td>1µM ashibatemae</td>
<td>1µl</td>
<td>1µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>200nM ashiba</td>
<td>200nM ashiba</td>
<td>5µl</td>
<td>5µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>1µM cholesterol-hybridizing ssDNA</td>
<td>1µM cholesterol-hybridizing ssDNA</td>
<td>3µl</td>
<td>3µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>1µM fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNA</td>
<td>1µM fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNA</td>
<td>3µl</td>
<td>3µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>5xTAE Mg2+</td>
<td>5xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td>
<td>10µl</td>
<td>10µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>mQ</td>
<td>mQ</td>
<td>20.62µl</td>
<td>20.6µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
Line 225: Line 218:
<td>3µM</td>
<td>3µM</td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table></li>
</table>
Table.2 Annealing solution with fluorescent tagged DNAs<br>
</li>
<div class="captiontable">Table3 Annealing solution with fluorescent-tagged DNA</div><br>
<br>
<br>
<li>Annealing solution with no fluorescent tagged DNAs (control) 50µl<br>
<li>Annealing solution with no fluorescent-tagged DNA (control) 50µL<br>
We changed 3µl fluorescent tagged DNAs in the above solution into the same quantity of mQ.</li><br>
We changed 3µL fluorescent-tagged DNA in the above solution into the same quantity of mQ.</li><br>
<br>
<br>
<h5>AFM observation</h5>
<h5 id=6>2-1-2 Labeling DNA Origami with fluorescent-tagged DNA</h5>
As we thought excess staples produced more aggregation and made AFM observation difficult, control annealing solution was used for AFM observation.<br>
<h5>Electrophoresis </h5>
<br>
<h4>1-2)Labeling DNA origami</h4>
We confirmed that our DNA origami was fluorescently labeled by electrophoresis.<br>
We confirmed that our DNA origami was fluorescently labeled by electrophoresis.<br>
<br>
<br>
50µl of Annealing solution with fluorescent tagged DNAs (used in 1-1)Making DNA origami) contains 3µl of 1µM fluorescent tagged DNAs. <br>
50µL of Annealing solution with fluorescent-tagged DNA (used in 2-1-1 Making DNA origami) contains 3µL of 1µM fluorescent-tagged DNA. <br>
To see if the origami binds to the fluorescent tagged DNA in shorter time, we added 0.6µl of 1µM fluorescent tagged DNAs into 10 µl control annealing solution, and left it for 40 minutes.<br>
To see if the origami binds to the fluorescent-tagged DNA in shorter time, we added 0.6µL of 1µM fluorescent-tagged DNA into 10 µL control annealing solution, and left it for 40 minutes.<br>
<br>
<br>
Agarose gel recipe: 0.4g agarose, 0.8ml 50xTAE, 39.2ml mQ<br>
Agarose gel recipe: 0.4g agarose, 0.8ml 50xTAE, 39.2ml mQ<br>
Line 244: Line 236:
The electrophoresis was conducted with 1% agarose gel, CV 100V, for 50 minutes.<br>
The electrophoresis was conducted with 1% agarose gel, CV 100V, for 50 minutes.<br>
<br>
<br>
<h4>2)Destroying liposomes</h4>
<h5 id=7>2-1-3 Disruption of liposomes by DNA Origami (microscopic analysis)</h5>
<h4>2-1) Making liposomes</h4>
<h5> Making liposome</h5>
We made liposome that was to be broken by DNA origami.<br>
1. Drying the liposomes below with argon gas and letting them stand for a night<br>
First we mixed 1µl lipid (10mM DOPC) and 99µl solvent (CHCl3) in a microtube, and desiccate it with Argon gas. Then we left it for one night in a vacuum dryer. After drying, we added 100µl of the same buffer as that of DNA origami (1xTAE Mg2+) into the sample and heat it in warm water (about 90 degrees) for a few hours.<br>
2. Adding 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup> 100µL to 1 and heating it in warm water (about 90 deg C) for a few hours<br><br>
<br>
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<h4>2-2) Investigating the interaction of DNA origami and liposomes</h4>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
To float cc DNAs on the surface of liposome, we added cc DNAs into liposomes at the final concentration of 0.018, 0.069, 1.8, and 6.9µM. Each sample was as follows.<br>
<td> DOPC (10mM)</td>
<ur><li>Liposome with 0.018µM cc DNAs: 1µl 0.1µM cc DNAs and 2.5µl liposome</li>
<td> 1µL
<li>Liposome with 0.069µM cc DNAs: 10µl 0.1µM DNAs and 2.5µl liposome</li>
</td>
<li>Liposome with 1.8µM cc DNAs: 1µl 10µM DNAs and 2.5µl liposome</li>
</tr>
<li>Liposome with 6.9µM cc DNAs: 10µl 10µM DNAs and 2.5µl liposome</li>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> CHCl<sub>3</sub></td>
<td> 99µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">Table4 Materials for Making liposomes</div><br><br>
<h5>Concentration of Origami-anchor DNA</h5>
To float Origami-anchor DNA on the surface of liposome, we added Origami-anchor DNA into liposomes at the final concentration of 0.018, 0.069, 1.8, and 6.9µM. Each sample was as follows.<br>
<ur><li>Liposome with 0.018µM Origami-anchor DNA: 1µL 0.1µM Origami-anchor DNA and 2.5µL liposome</li>
<li>Liposome with 0.069µM Origami-anchor DNA: 10µL 0.1µM DNAs and 2.5µL liposome</li>
<li>Liposome with 1.8µM Origami-anchor DNA: 1µL 10µM DNAs and 2.5µL liposome</li>
<li>Liposome with 6.9µM Origami-anchor DNA: 10µL 10µM DNAs and 2.5µL liposome</li>
<br>
<br>
<h5>Observation by phase and fluorescent microscope </h5>
We observed each sample with a phase microscope.<br>
We observed each sample with a phase microscope.<br>
<br>
<br>
Then we added 2µl DNA origami into each sample and saw if some change would happen with a fluorescent microscope.<br>
Then we added 2µL DNA origami into each sample and saw if some change would happen with a fluorescent microscope.<br>
The DNA origami for fluorescent microscope observation was made according to Table3 annealing solution. It contained more cholesterol-hybridizing ssDNAs and fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNAs than Annealing solution used in 1-1), because we considered a sample with more fluorescent molecules was suitable for observation.  <br>
The DNA origami for fluorescent microscope observation was made according to Table5 annealing solution. It contained more cholesterol-hybridizing ssDNAs and fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNAs than Annealing solution used in 2-1-1, because we considered a sample with more fluorescent molecules was suitable for observation.  <br>
<br>
<br>
<table border cellspacing="0" bgcolor="lightyellow">
 
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>84nM M13mp18</td>
<td>84nM M13mp18</td>
<td>2.38µl</td>
<td>2.4µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
Line 272: Line 277:
<tr>
<tr>
<td>1µM migihaji</td>
<td>1µM migihaji</td>
<td>1µl</td>
<td>1µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>1µM hidarihaji</td>
<td>1µM hidarihaji</td>
<td>1µl</td>
<td>1µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>1µM ashibatemae</td>
<td>1µM ashibatemae</td>
<td>1µl</td>
<td>1µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>200nM ashiba</td>
<td>200nM ashiba</td>
<td>5µl</td>
<td>5µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>100µM cholesterol-hybridizing ssDNA</td>
<td>100µM cholesterol-hybridizing ssDNA</td>
<td>4.23µl</td>
<td>4.2µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>100µM fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNA</td>
<td>100µM fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNA</td>
<td>4.23µl</td>
<td>4.2µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>5xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td>
<td>10µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>mQ</td>
<td>23.5µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<div class="captiontable">Table5 50µL Annealing solution for fluorescent microscope observation</div><br>
<br>
After annealing, we added 4.2µL 100µM fluorescent-tagged DNA (the same quantity of fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNA).<br>
<br>
<h5 id=13>2-1-4 Disruption of liposomes by DNA Origami (quantitative analysis)</h5>
<h5>Making liposome</h5>
<div class="caption-right">
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/6/6d/Wo_method-%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E7%89%88.png" style="padding-left:10mm"><span>Fig.4 the droplet-transfer method</span>
</div>
We make phase-separatied liposomes made of DOPC, DPPC, DOPE and cholesterol.<br>
Phase-separated liposomes are liposomes consisting of several kinds of lipids. It has less fluidity and its membranee is more stiff than normal liposomes.<br>
Due to the above reasons, we consider that phase-separated liposomes are more suitable to be disrupted. Thus, this time, we used phase-separated liposomes.<br>
Liposomes were formed by the droplet-transfer method Pautot et al., PNAS, 100, 10718-21 (2003).<br>
<br>
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> DOPC(10mM)</td>
<td> 20µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> DPPC(10mM)</td>
<td> 20µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Cholesterol(10mM) </td>
<td> 20µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> DOPE(10mM)</td>
<td> 20µL </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>chloroform</td>
<td> 260µL </td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">Table6 Materials for Making liposomes</div><br><br>
1 Drying the liposomes above with argon gas and letting them stand for a night<br>
2 Adding mineral oil 260µL to 1 and sonicating them (43Hz, 60 deg C, for 2 hours)<br>
3 Preparing 1.5ml microtube and pouring outer buffer 50µL. Then picking up 50µL from 2 and adding it on the outer buffer (softly, to make a bilayer)<br>
<br>
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> glucose(1M)</td>
<td> 125µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> 25xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td>
<td> 10µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> mQ </td>
<td> 110µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">Table7 Outer Buffer (250µL)</div><br><br>
<br>
4 Preparing 0.2 ml microtube and pouring inner buffer 2µL. Then picking up 50µL from 2, adding it on the inner buffer, and mixing them by tapping<br>
<br>
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> GFP(0.5 mM)</td>
<td> 5µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> sucrose(1M)</td>
<td> 125µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> 25xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup> </td>
<td> 10µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> mQ </td>
<td> 110µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">Table8 Inner Buffer (250µL)</div><br><br>
5 Pouring all the solution (52µL) of 4 into the 1.5ml tube (softly, to make a three-layer)
6 Centrifuging it for 30 seconds and taking only the bottom layer<br>
<br>
<h5>Disruption of liposomes by DNA Origami</h5>
Sample1 is the negative control. It is the mixture of liposome and Origami-anchor DNA.<br>
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Liposome (with GFP inside) (4mM)</td>
<td> 10µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Origami-anchor DNA (10uM)</td>
<td> 25µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td>
<td> 75µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">Table9 Sample1: negative control</div><br><br>
Sample2 is the positive control. It is the mixture of liposome, Origami-anchor DNA, and surfactant (NP40).<br>
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Liposome (with GFP inside) (4mM)</td>
<td> 10µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Origami-anchor DNA (10uM)</td>
<td> 25µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td>
<td> 75µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Surfactant (NP40)</td>
<td> 2µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">Table10 Sample2: positive control</div><br><br>
Sample3 is the mixture of liposome, Origami-anchor DNA, and Key DNA Origami.<br>
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Liposome (with GFP inside) (4mM)</td>
<td> 10µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Origami-anchor DNA (10uM)</td>
<td> 25µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup> </td>
<td> 55µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Key DNA (5nM)</td>
<td> 20µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">
Table11 Sample3</div><br><br>
1. Adding Origami-anchor DNA to each sample, and leaving it for 30 minutes.<br>
2. Adding Key DNA to each sample, and leaving it for 10 minutes.<br>
3. Taking each sample 50µL and measuring each sample’s fluorescence intensity of 7-13 µm diameter liposomes by Cell Lab Quanta SC Flow Cytometer.<br><br>
<h5>Image of Cell Lab Quanta SC Flow Cytometer</h5><br>
<div align="center">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr align="center">
<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/b/ba/Photo_%282%29.jpg" width="300px" height="250px" align="left">
</td>
<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/3/30/Photo_%284%29.jpg" width="300px" height="250px" align="right">
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="caption">Fig.1 Cell Lab Quanta SC Flow Cytometer</div><br>
<h5 id=8>2-1-5 Confirming sequence specificity of DNA</h5>
<h5>Making liposome</h5>
We made liposomes in the same way as 2-1-4.<br>
 
<h5>The list of strands</h5>
To confirm sequence specificity of DNA, we prepared two different pairs of Origami-anchor DNA and adaptor strand. <br>
We call Key DNA with adoptor strand(A) as Key DNA(A) and Key DNA with adoptor strand(B) as Key DNA(B) .<br>
<br>
 
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="lightyellow">
<td> The kinds of DNAtrands </td>
<td> Its sequence </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Origami-anchor DNA(A)</td>
<td> CCAGAAGACG
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Adaptor strand for Origami-anchor DNA(A) </td>
<td> CGTCTTCTGGCTCTCGATGCGACAG </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Origami-anchor DNA(B)</td>
<td> TCCACTAACG
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Adaptor strand for Origami-anchor DNA(B) </td>
<td> CGTTAGTGGACTCTCGATGCGACAG </td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">
Table12 The sequence of the strands</div><br>
<br>
<h5>Confirming sequence specificity of DNA</h5>
Sample1 has complementary Origami-anchor DNA(A) and Key DNA(A).<br>
 
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Liposome (with GFP inside) (4mM)</td>
<td> 10µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Origami-anchor DNA(A) (10uM)</td>
<td> 25µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td>
<td> 55µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Key DNA(A) (5nM)</td>
<td> 20µL</td>
</tr>
</table><div class="captiontable">
Table13 Sample1</div><br><br>
 
Sample2 has Origami-anchor DNA(A) and Key DNA(B).<br>
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Liposome (with GFP inside) (4mM)</td>
<td> 10µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Origami-anchor DNA(B) (10uM)</td>
<td> 25µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td>
<td> 55µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Key DNA(B) (5nM)</td>
<td> 20µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">
Table14 Sample2</div><br><br>
 
The processes to mix liposomes, Origami-anchor DNA and Key DNA are the same as 2-1-4.<br>
 
<br>
<br>
<br>
 
 
 
 
 
<!--------2-1-5にはいってたやつ。とりあえず隠す。ここから--------------->
<!--
<h5>Making liposome</h5>
We made liposomes in a spontaneous-transfer way. They were divided into two types: liposomes A of GFP, Green Fluorescent Protein, and liposomes B of Red Fluorescent Protein. These two kinds of liposomes have the same Outer Buffer but different Inner Buffer. Composition of these two buffers is as follows.<br><br>
 
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>Outer Buffer </td>
<td>STE（as substitute for GFP）</td>
<td>10µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td></td>
<td>glucose(1M)</td>
<td>250µL </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td></td>
<td>25×TAE</td>
<td>20µL </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td></td>
<td>25×TAE</td>
<td>20µL </td>
</tr>
 
<tr bgcolor="SpringGreen">
<td>LiposomeA Inner Buffer</td>
<td>GFP</td>
<td>5µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="SpringGreen">
<td> </td>
<td>sucrose(1M)</td>
<td>125µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="SpringGreen">
<td> </td>
<td>25×TAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td>
<td>10µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="SpringGreen">
<td> </td>
<td>mQ</td>
<td>110µL</td>
</tr>
 
<tr bgcolor="#FF6699 ">
<td>LiposomeB Inner Buffer</td>
<td>Rhodamine</td>
<td>0.5µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FF6699">
<td> </td>
<td>sucrose(1M)</td>
<td>12.5µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=" #FF6699">
<td> </td>
<td>25×TAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td>
<td>10µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor=" #FF6699">
<td> </td>
<td>mQ</td>
<td>110µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
 
1. Tapping of inner 2 and lipid paraffin 50<br>
2. Putting paraffin 50 on outer 50<br>
3. Putting 1 on 2<br>
4. Centrifuging 3 for 5 minutes<br>
5. Observing leak of liposomes from the bottom of tubes by needles<br>
-->
 
<!-------------ここまで--------------------->
 
<h4 id=9>2-2 Flower DNA approach</h4>
<h5 id=11>2-2-1 Disruption of liposomes by Flower DNA</h5>
The protocol to prepare liposomes was the same as that in 2-1-4.<br>
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>STE</td>
<td> 10µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> glucose (1M)</td>
<td> 250µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>HEPES (1M)</td>
<td> 5µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>5xTAE Mg2+</td>
<td> MgCl<sub>2</sub> (1M)</td>
<td>10µl</td>
<td> 6.3µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>mQ</td>
<td>mQ</td>
<td>23.54µl</td>
<td> 228.8µL</td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
Table.3 50µl Annealing solution for fluorescent microscope observation<br>
<div class="captiontable">Table15 500µL outer buffer</div><br><br>
 
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>GFP</td>
<td> 10µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> glucose (1M)</td>
<td> 250µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>HEPES (1M)</td>
<td> 5µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> MgCl<sub>2</sub> (1M)</td>
<td> 6.3µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>mQ</td>
<td> 228.8µL</td>
</tr>
</table><div class="captiontable">Table16 Inner buffer (green) </div><br><br>
 
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Texas-Red dextran</td>
<td> 20µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> glucose (1M)</td>
<td> 250µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>HEPES (1M)</td>
<td> 5µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> MgCl<sub>2</sub> (1M)</td>
<td> 6.3µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>mQ</td>
<td> 218.8µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">Table17 Inner buffer (red) </div><br><br>
 
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>DOPC (10mM)</td>
<td> 20µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> DPPC (10mM)</td>
<td> 20µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>cholesterol (10mM)</td>
<td> 20µL</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="captiontable">Table18 Phase-separated liposome</div><br><br>
1. Put inner buffer (2 μL) in mineral oil (50 μL), and tapping to form emulsion<br>
2. Putting mineral oil (50 μL) on outer buffer (50 μL)<br>
3. Putting 1(emulsion) on 2 (mineral oil on outer buffer) <br>
4. Centrifuging 3 (sample) for 5minutes to form liposomes<br>
5. Collecting liposomes from the bottom of tubes by needles<br><br>
 
<h5 id="12">2-2-2 Confirming sequence specificity of DNA</h5>
 
The components of inner buffer for the Green liposomes and outer buffer were the same as that in 2-2-1. The inner buffer for the Red liposomes, below is the recipe.<br>
 
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> Texas-Red dextran</td>
<td> 100µL
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> glucose (1M)</td>
<td> 250µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>HEPES (1M)</td>
<td> 5µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> MgCl<sub>2</sub> (1M)</td>
<td> 6.3µL</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td>mQ</td>
<td> 138.8µL</td>
</tr>
</table><div class="captiontable">
Table19 Inner buffer (red)</div><br><br>
We named liposomes with GFP inside “Green liposome”, and liposomes with Texas-Red dextran “Red liposome”.
Each liposome has the corresponding Flower-anchor DNA of different sequences. <br>
1. Liposome formation metohds is the same as 2-2-1<br>
2. Adding 50 µM A-flower-anchor DNA (5 μL) into Green liposome (3 µL) or Red liposome (3 µL)<br>
<br>
<br>
After annealing, we added 4.23µl 100µM fluorescent-tagged DNA (the same quantity of fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNA).<br>
<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow">
<tr bgcolor="lightyellow">
<td> The kinds <br>of DNAtrands </td>
<td> Its sequence </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> 10nt Flower-anchor DNA(A)</td>
<td> CCAGAAGACG
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> 50nt Flower-anchor DNA(A)</td>
<td> CGTCTTCTGGGCGAACCACGGTTCCCAGCGTGACCTTCATGCTTAAGTTT</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> 10nt Flower-anchor DNA(B)</td>
<td> TCCACTAACG
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="moccasin">
<td> 50nt Flower-anchor DNA(B)</td>
<td> CGTTAGTGGAGTATCCGTCAACCGCACCTATGGCAGCAAGTGAGCCTGTA</td>
</tr>
</table>
 
<div class="captiontable">Table20 The sequence of Flower-anchor DNA</div><br>
<br>
<br>
<h4>2-3)Counting liposomes</h4>
In the case of control experiment, buffer solution (10mM HEPES Mg+2, 4µL) for the key DNA was added instead of Key DNA.<br>
For the sake of observation convenience, we mixed 1µl 1µM TR-DHPE (red fluorescent dye) with 1µl lipid (10mM DOPC) and 98µl solvate (CHCl3) in a microtube, and desiccate it with Argon gas. Then we left it for one night in a vacuum dryer. After drying, we added 100µl 1xTAE Mg2+ into the sample and heat it in warm water (about 90 degrees) for a few hours.<br>
<br>
<h6>Images</h6>
Without Key DNA (Only buffer)<br>
<font size=-1>A(Green):B(Red)=16:17 (n=23)</font>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/c/cb/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%91.jpg" width="400" height="300">
</td>
<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/9/96/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%92.jpg" width="400" height="300">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/e/ee/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%93.jpg" width="400" height="300">
</td>
<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/f/ff/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%94.jpg" width="400" height="300">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/7/76/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%95.jpg" width="400" height="300">
</td>
<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/7/76/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%95.jpg" width="400" height="300">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/c/c0/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%97.jpg" width="400" height="300">
</td>
<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/0/06/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%98.jpg" width="400" height="300">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/4/4f/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%99.jpg" width="400" height="300">
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<br>
<br>
After liposome was made, we added 1µl 10µM cc DNA into 2.5µl liposome (the final concentration of cc DNA was 1.8 µl). We counted the number of liposomes with a fluorescent microscope. <br>
After counting, we added 2µl DNA origami and counted the number of liposomes again. For control, we changed 2µl DNA origami into 2µl 1xTAE Mg2+ buffer. <br>


With Key DNA<br>
<font size=-1>A(Green):B(Red)=17:2 (n=19)</font>
<table>
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<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/5/54/S%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%893.jpg" width="400" height="300">
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<td>
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/3/3b/S%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%894.jpg" width="400" height="300">
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{{Biomod/2013/Sendai/sandbox/template2}}

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            <a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Sendai"><h1 style="color:white;" ><b>Biomod<span>2013<br>&emsp; Team</span>Sendai</b></h1></a> 

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<h2>Protocol</h2>

<table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#chain"> <span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">First stage: Sensing system</span></a></li> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#bending"> <span class="tocnumber">1-1</span> <span class="toctext">Disruption of temperature sensitive liposomes</span></a></li> </ul> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Flower"> <span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Second stage: Amplification system</span></a></li> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#sensing"> <span class="tocnumber">2-1</span> <span class="toctext">DNA Origami approach</span></a></li> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#5"> <span class="tocnumber">2-1-1</span> <span class="toctext">Making DNA Origami</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#6"> <span class="tocnumber">2-1-2</span> <span class="toctext">Labeling DNA Origami with fluorescent-tagged DNA</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#7"> <span class="tocnumber">2-1-3</span> <span class="toctext">Disruption of liposomes by DNA Origami (microscopic analysis)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#13"> <span class="tocnumber">2-1-4</span> <span class="toctext">Disruption of liposomes by DNA Origami (quantitative analysis)</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#8"> <span class="tocnumber">2-1-5</span> <span class="toctext">Confirming sequence specificity of DNA</span></a></li> </ul> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#9"> <span class="tocnumber">2-2</span> <span class="toctext">Flower DNA approach</span></a></li> <ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#11"> <span class="tocnumber">2-2-1</span> <span class="toctext">Disruption of liposomes by Flower DNA</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#12"> <span class="tocnumber">2-2-2</span> <span class="toctext">Confirming sequence specificity of DNA</span></a></li>


</li>


</ul> </li> </ul> </td></tr></table>

<h3 id=chain>First stage: Sensing system </h3> <h4 id=bending>1-1 Disruption of temperature sensitive liposomes</h4> <h5> Structure of NIPAM</h5><br> <img src="http://openwetware.org/images/f/f5/Nipam.png"width="180"height="210"><br> poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide<br> <h5> Making liposome</h5> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Egg York PC(10mM)</td> <td> 10µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Cholesterol(10mM)</td> <td> 1µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> CHCl<sub>3</sub></td> <td> 90µL</td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable"> Table1 Materials for liposome preparation<br><br> </div>

1. Egg york PC and cholesterol solution was mixed and put on a glass tube.<br> 2. To create a dried lipid film, the lipid solution was put on a glass tube then The solution was dried by argon gas and then in vacuum for a night. <br> 3. Adding the pure water onto the dried lipid film to obtaining the giant liposomes.<br> 4. The liposome solution 10µL was gently mixed with 25μl NIPAM solution (2mg/ml in the pure water).<br>


<h3 id=Flower>Second stage: Amplification system</h5> <h4 id=sensing>2-1 DNA Origami approach</h4> <h5 id=5>2-1-1 Making DNA Origami</h5> <h5>Making DNA origami</h5> <h6>DNA origami recipe</h6> We designed DNA origami by <A Href="http://cadnano.org/">caDNAno2</A>, software for designing 2D and 3D DNA origami.<br> Our DNA origami has 141 staples that have 30nt free single-stranded parts outside the DNA origami. The sequence of the parts is “<font color="#00a0c0">each DNA origami staple</font>-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT<font color="red">CTGTCGCATCGAGAG</font>”.<br> Between the staple and unique (<font color="red">CTGTCGCATCGAGAG</font>) sequences, 15 T bases are inserted. They are to make a T loop. Thanks to this T loop, single-stranded DNA complementary to the unique sequences (such as Origami-anchor DNA) are expected to easily hybridize with the unique sequence.<br> The 30nt single-stranded parts are stable till 37°C, according to <A Href="http://www.nupack.org/">NUPACK</A>).<br> The 141 staples have the same length so that they may be present at the same intervals in the DNA origami.<br> Each side of our origami is not fully covered with staples, and single-stranded M13 remains. This is for preventing π-π interaction and stacking by hydrophobic interaction between base pairs of double-stranded DNA.<br> This design enables each DNA origami to exist individually.<br> <br> <h6>The list of strands</h6> The other strands exept DNA origami staples used in our experiment are shown in Table2.<br> The sequence of Origami-anchor DNA is shown below (at the first sequence in Table2). For labeling, we also attached fluorescent-tagged DNA (at the second in Table2) to our DNA origami.<br> To hybridize both Origami-anchor DNA and fluorescent-tagged DNA with the same unique single-stranded parts of our Origami, we arranged two kinds of adaptor DNA (at the third and fourth in Table2). One adaptor has complementary sequences to both the unique sequence and Origami-anchor DNA. The other has complementary sequences to both the unique sequence and the fluorescent-tagged DNA. Thanks to these two adaptors, two different strands can bind to the same unique sequence. <br> <br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <td> The kinds of DNAtrands </td> <td> Its sequence </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Origami-anchor DNA</td> <td> CCAGAAGACG </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Fluorescent-tagged DNA </td> <td> ACTAGTGAGTGCAGCAGTCGTACCA </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Adaptor strand for Origami-anchor DNA and the unique sequence in DNA origami </td> <td> CGTCTTCTGGCTCTCGATGCGACAG </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Adaptor strand for fluorescent-tagged DNA and the unique sequence in DNA origami </td> <td> TGGTACGACTGCTGCACTCACTAGTCTCTCGATGCGACAG </td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable">Table2 The sequence of the strands</div><br> <br> <h6>Annealing of DNA origami</h6> The annealing solution is shown in Table3. The annealing was conducted for 2 hours and 51minutes (from 95 to 25°C: lower 1°C per 2 minutes).<br> <br> <ur><li>Annealing solution with fluorescent-tagged DNA 50µL<br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>84nM M13mp18</td> <td>2.4µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>Staples</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1µM migihaji</td> <td>1µL</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1µM hidarihaji</td> <td>1µL</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1µM ashibatemae</td> <td>1µL</td> </tr> <tr> <td>200nM ashiba</td> <td>5µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>1µM cholesterol-hybridizing ssDNA</td> <td>3µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>1µM fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNA</td> <td>3µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>5xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td> <td>10µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>mQ</td> <td>20.6µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>1µM fluorescent-tagged DNA</td> <td>3µM</td> </tr> </table> </li> <div class="captiontable">Table3 Annealing solution with fluorescent-tagged DNA</div><br> <br> <li>Annealing solution with no fluorescent-tagged DNA (control) 50µL<br> We changed 3µL fluorescent-tagged DNA in the above solution into the same quantity of mQ.</li><br> <br> <h5 id=6>2-1-2 Labeling DNA Origami with fluorescent-tagged DNA</h5> <h5>Electrophoresis </h5> We confirmed that our DNA origami was fluorescently labeled by electrophoresis.<br> <br> 50µL of Annealing solution with fluorescent-tagged DNA (used in 2-1-1 Making DNA origami) contains 3µL of 1µM fluorescent-tagged DNA. <br> To see if the origami binds to the fluorescent-tagged DNA in shorter time, we added 0.6µL of 1µM fluorescent-tagged DNA into 10 µL control annealing solution, and left it for 40 minutes.<br> <br> Agarose gel recipe: 0.4g agarose, 0.8ml 50xTAE, 39.2ml mQ<br> <br> The electrophoresis was conducted with 1% agarose gel, CV 100V, for 50 minutes.<br> <br> <h5 id=7>2-1-3 Disruption of liposomes by DNA Origami (microscopic analysis)</h5> <h5> Making liposome</h5> 1. Drying the liposomes below with argon gas and letting them stand for a night<br> 2. Adding 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup> 100µL to 1 and heating it in warm water (about 90 deg C) for a few hours<br><br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> DOPC (10mM)</td> <td> 1µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> CHCl<sub>3</sub></td> <td> 99µL</td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable">Table4 Materials for Making liposomes</div><br><br> <h5>Concentration of Origami-anchor DNA</h5> To float Origami-anchor DNA on the surface of liposome, we added Origami-anchor DNA into liposomes at the final concentration of 0.018, 0.069, 1.8, and 6.9µM. Each sample was as follows.<br> <ur><li>Liposome with 0.018µM Origami-anchor DNA: 1µL 0.1µM Origami-anchor DNA and 2.5µL liposome</li> <li>Liposome with 0.069µM Origami-anchor DNA: 10µL 0.1µM DNAs and 2.5µL liposome</li> <li>Liposome with 1.8µM Origami-anchor DNA: 1µL 10µM DNAs and 2.5µL liposome</li> <li>Liposome with 6.9µM Origami-anchor DNA: 10µL 10µM DNAs and 2.5µL liposome</li> <br> <h5>Observation by phase and fluorescent microscope </h5> We observed each sample with a phase microscope.<br> <br> Then we added 2µL DNA origami into each sample and saw if some change would happen with a fluorescent microscope.<br> The DNA origami for fluorescent microscope observation was made according to Table5 annealing solution. It contained more cholesterol-hybridizing ssDNAs and fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNAs than Annealing solution used in 2-1-1, because we considered a sample with more fluorescent molecules was suitable for observation. <br> <br>

<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>84nM M13mp18</td> <td>2.4µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>Staples</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1µM migihaji</td> <td>1µL</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1µM hidarihaji</td> <td>1µL</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1µM ashibatemae</td> <td>1µL</td> </tr> <tr> <td>200nM ashiba</td> <td>5µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>100µM cholesterol-hybridizing ssDNA</td> <td>4.2µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>100µM fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNA</td> <td>4.2µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>5xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td> <td>10µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>mQ</td> <td>23.5µL</td> </tr> </table>

<div class="captiontable">Table5 50µL Annealing solution for fluorescent microscope observation</div><br> <br> After annealing, we added 4.2µL 100µM fluorescent-tagged DNA (the same quantity of fluorescent-tagged DNA-hybridizing ssDNA).<br> <br> <h5 id=13>2-1-4 Disruption of liposomes by DNA Origami (quantitative analysis)</h5> <h5>Making liposome</h5> <div class="caption-right"> 

<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/6/6d/Wo_method-%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E7%89%88.png" style="padding-left:10mm"><span>Fig.4 the droplet-transfer method</span>

</div> We make phase-separatied liposomes made of DOPC, DPPC, DOPE and cholesterol.<br> Phase-separated liposomes are liposomes consisting of several kinds of lipids. It has less fluidity and its membranee is more stiff than normal liposomes.<br> Due to the above reasons, we consider that phase-separated liposomes are more suitable to be disrupted. Thus, this time, we used phase-separated liposomes.<br> Liposomes were formed by the droplet-transfer method Pautot et al., PNAS, 100, 10718-21 (2003).<br> <br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> DOPC(10mM)</td> <td> 20µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> DPPC(10mM)</td> <td> 20µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Cholesterol(10mM) </td> <td> 20µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> DOPE(10mM)</td> <td> 20µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>chloroform</td> <td> 260µL </td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable">Table6 Materials for Making liposomes</div><br><br> 1 Drying the liposomes above with argon gas and letting them stand for a night<br> 2 Adding mineral oil 260µL to 1 and sonicating them (43Hz, 60 deg C, for 2 hours)<br> 3 Preparing 1.5ml microtube and pouring outer buffer 50µL. Then picking up 50µL from 2 and adding it on the outer buffer (softly, to make a bilayer)<br> <br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> glucose(1M)</td> <td> 125µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> 25xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td> <td> 10µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> mQ </td> <td> 110µL</td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable">Table7 Outer Buffer (250µL)</div><br><br> <br> 4 Preparing 0.2 ml microtube and pouring inner buffer 2µL. Then picking up 50µL from 2, adding it on the inner buffer, and mixing them by tapping<br> <br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> GFP(0.5 mM)</td> <td> 5µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> sucrose(1M)</td> <td> 125µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> 25xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td> 10µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> mQ </td> <td> 110µL</td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable">Table8 Inner Buffer (250µL)</div><br><br> 5 Pouring all the solution (52µL) of 4 into the 1.5ml tube (softly, to make a three-layer) 6 Centrifuging it for 30 seconds and taking only the bottom layer<br> <br> <h5>Disruption of liposomes by DNA Origami</h5> Sample1 is the negative control. It is the mixture of liposome and Origami-anchor DNA.<br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Liposome (with GFP inside) (4mM)</td> <td> 10µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Origami-anchor DNA (10uM)</td> <td> 25µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td> <td> 75µL</td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable">Table9 Sample1: negative control</div><br><br> Sample2 is the positive control. It is the mixture of liposome, Origami-anchor DNA, and surfactant (NP40).<br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Liposome (with GFP inside) (4mM)</td> <td> 10µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Origami-anchor DNA (10uM)</td> <td> 25µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td> <td> 75µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Surfactant (NP40)</td> <td> 2µL</td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable">Table10 Sample2: positive control</div><br><br> Sample3 is the mixture of liposome, Origami-anchor DNA, and Key DNA Origami.<br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Liposome (with GFP inside) (4mM)</td> <td> 10µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Origami-anchor DNA (10uM)</td> <td> 25µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup> </td> <td> 55µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Key DNA (5nM)</td> <td> 20µL</td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable"> Table11 Sample3</div><br><br> 1. Adding Origami-anchor DNA to each sample, and leaving it for 30 minutes.<br> 2. Adding Key DNA to each sample, and leaving it for 10 minutes.<br> 3. Taking each sample 50µL and measuring each sample’s fluorescence intensity of 7-13 µm diameter liposomes by Cell Lab Quanta SC Flow Cytometer.<br><br> <h5>Image of Cell Lab Quanta SC Flow Cytometer</h5><br> <div align="center"> <table> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td> <img src="http://openwetware.org/images/b/ba/Photo_%282%29.jpg" width="300px" height="250px" align="left"> </td> <td> <img src="http://openwetware.org/images/3/30/Photo_%284%29.jpg" width="300px" height="250px" align="right"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="caption">Fig.1 Cell Lab Quanta SC Flow Cytometer</div><br> <h5 id=8>2-1-5 Confirming sequence specificity of DNA</h5> <h5>Making liposome</h5> We made liposomes in the same way as 2-1-4.<br>

<h5>The list of strands</h5> To confirm sequence specificity of DNA, we prepared two different pairs of Origami-anchor DNA and adaptor strand. <br> We call Key DNA with adoptor strand(A) as Key DNA(A) and Key DNA with adoptor strand(B) as Key DNA(B) .<br> <br>

<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <td> The kinds of DNAtrands </td> <td> Its sequence </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Origami-anchor DNA(A)</td> <td> CCAGAAGACG </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Adaptor strand for Origami-anchor DNA(A) </td> <td> CGTCTTCTGGCTCTCGATGCGACAG </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Origami-anchor DNA(B)</td> <td> TCCACTAACG </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Adaptor strand for Origami-anchor DNA(B) </td> <td> CGTTAGTGGACTCTCGATGCGACAG </td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable"> Table12 The sequence of the strands</div><br> <br> <h5>Confirming sequence specificity of DNA</h5> Sample1 has complementary Origami-anchor DNA(A) and Key DNA(A).<br>

<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Liposome (with GFP inside) (4mM)</td> <td> 10µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Origami-anchor DNA(A) (10uM)</td> <td> 25µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td> <td> 55µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Key DNA(A) (5nM)</td> <td> 20µL</td> </tr> </table><div class="captiontable"> Table13 Sample1</div><br><br>

Sample2 has Origami-anchor DNA(A) and Key DNA(B).<br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Liposome (with GFP inside) (4mM)</td> <td> 10µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Origami-anchor DNA(B) (10uM)</td> <td> 25µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> 1xTAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td> <td> 55µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Key DNA(B) (5nM)</td> <td> 20µL</td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable"> Table14 Sample2</div><br><br>

The processes to mix liposomes, Origami-anchor DNA and Key DNA are the same as 2-1-4.<br>

<br> <br> <br>



<!--------2-1-5にはいってたやつ。とりあえず隠す。ここから---------------> <!-- <h5>Making liposome</h5> We made liposomes in a spontaneous-transfer way. They were divided into two types: liposomes A of GFP, Green Fluorescent Protein, and liposomes B of Red Fluorescent Protein. These two kinds of liposomes have the same Outer Buffer but different Inner Buffer. Composition of these two buffers is as follows.<br><br>

<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>Outer Buffer </td> <td>STE（as substitute for GFP）</td> <td>10µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td></td> <td>glucose(1M)</td> <td>250µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td></td> <td>25×TAE</td> <td>20µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td></td> <td>25×TAE</td> <td>20µL </td> </tr>

<tr bgcolor="SpringGreen"> <td>LiposomeA Inner Buffer</td> <td>GFP</td> <td>5µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="SpringGreen"> <td> </td> <td>sucrose(1M)</td> <td>125µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="SpringGreen"> <td> </td> <td>25×TAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td> <td>10µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="SpringGreen"> <td> </td> <td>mQ</td> <td>110µL</td> </tr>

<tr bgcolor="#FF6699 "> <td>LiposomeB Inner Buffer</td> <td>Rhodamine</td> <td>0.5µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="#FF6699"> <td> </td> <td>sucrose(1M)</td> <td>12.5µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor=" #FF6699"> <td> </td> <td>25×TAE Mg<sup>2+</sup></td> <td>10µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor=" #FF6699"> <td> </td> <td>mQ</td> <td>110µL</td> </tr> </table>

1. Tapping of inner 2 and lipid paraffin 50<br> 2. Putting paraffin 50 on outer 50<br> 3. Putting 1 on 2<br> 4. Centrifuging 3 for 5 minutes<br> 5. Observing leak of liposomes from the bottom of tubes by needles<br> -->

<!-------------ここまで--------------------->

<h4 id=9>2-2 Flower DNA approach</h4> <h5 id=11>2-2-1 Disruption of liposomes by Flower DNA</h5> The protocol to prepare liposomes was the same as that in 2-1-4.<br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>STE</td> <td> 10µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> glucose (1M)</td> <td> 250µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>HEPES (1M)</td> <td> 5µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> MgCl<sub>2</sub> (1M)</td> <td> 6.3µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>mQ</td> <td> 228.8µL</td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable">Table15 500µL outer buffer</div><br><br>

<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>GFP</td> <td> 10µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> glucose (1M)</td> <td> 250µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>HEPES (1M)</td> <td> 5µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> MgCl<sub>2</sub> (1M)</td> <td> 6.3µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>mQ</td> <td> 228.8µL</td> </tr> </table><div class="captiontable">Table16 Inner buffer (green) </div><br><br>

<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Texas-Red dextran</td> <td> 20µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> glucose (1M)</td> <td> 250µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>HEPES (1M)</td> <td> 5µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> MgCl<sub>2</sub> (1M)</td> <td> 6.3µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>mQ</td> <td> 218.8µL</td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable">Table17 Inner buffer (red) </div><br><br>

<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>DOPC (10mM)</td> <td> 20µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> DPPC (10mM)</td> <td> 20µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>cholesterol (10mM)</td> <td> 20µL</td> </tr> </table> <div class="captiontable">Table18 Phase-separated liposome</div><br><br> 1. Put inner buffer (2 μL) in mineral oil (50 μL), and tapping to form emulsion<br> 2. Putting mineral oil (50 μL) on outer buffer (50 μL)<br> 3. Putting 1(emulsion) on 2 (mineral oil on outer buffer) <br> 4. Centrifuging 3 (sample) for 5minutes to form liposomes<br> 5. Collecting liposomes from the bottom of tubes by needles<br><br>

<h5 id="12">2-2-2 Confirming sequence specificity of DNA</h5>

The components of inner buffer for the Green liposomes and outer buffer were the same as that in 2-2-1. The inner buffer for the Red liposomes, below is the recipe.<br>

<table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> Texas-Red dextran</td> <td> 100µL </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> glucose (1M)</td> <td> 250µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>HEPES (1M)</td> <td> 5µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> MgCl<sub>2</sub> (1M)</td> <td> 6.3µL</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td>mQ</td> <td> 138.8µL</td> </tr> </table><div class="captiontable"> Table19 Inner buffer (red)</div><br><br> We named liposomes with GFP inside “Green liposome”, and liposomes with Texas-Red dextran “Red liposome”. Each liposome has the corresponding Flower-anchor DNA of different sequences. <br> 1. Liposome formation metohds is the same as 2-2-1<br> 2. Adding 50 µM A-flower-anchor DNA (5 μL) into Green liposome (3 µL) or Red liposome (3 µL)<br> <br> <table border cellspacing="3" bgcolor="lightyellow"> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <td> The kinds <br>of DNAtrands </td> <td> Its sequence </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> 10nt Flower-anchor DNA(A)</td> <td> CCAGAAGACG </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> 50nt Flower-anchor DNA(A)</td> <td> CGTCTTCTGGGCGAACCACGGTTCCCAGCGTGACCTTCATGCTTAAGTTT</td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> 10nt Flower-anchor DNA(B)</td> <td> TCCACTAACG </td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="moccasin"> <td> 50nt Flower-anchor DNA(B)</td> <td> CGTTAGTGGAGTATCCGTCAACCGCACCTATGGCAGCAAGTGAGCCTGTA</td> </tr> </table>

<div class="captiontable">Table20 The sequence of Flower-anchor DNA</div><br> <br> In the case of control experiment, buffer solution (10mM HEPES Mg+2, 4µL) for the key DNA was added instead of Key DNA.<br> <br> <h6>Images</h6> Without Key DNA (Only buffer)<br> <font size=-1>A(Green):B(Red)=16:17 (n=23)</font> <table> <tr> 

<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/c/cb/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%91.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>
<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/9/96/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%92.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>

</tr> <tr> 

<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/e/ee/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%93.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>

<td> <img src="http://openwetware.org/images/f/ff/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%94.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>

</tr> <tr> 

<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/7/76/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%95.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>
<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/7/76/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%95.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>

</tr> <tr> 

<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/c/c0/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%97.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>
<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/0/06/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%98.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>

</tr> <tr> 

<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/4/4f/Ss%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%EF%BC%99.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>
<td>
</td>

</tr> </table>


<br>

With Key DNA<br> <font size=-1>A(Green):B(Red)=17:2 (n=19)</font> <table> <tr> 

<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/d/dd/S%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%891.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>
<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/9/92/S%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%892.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>

</tr> <tr> 

<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/5/54/S%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%893.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>

<td> <img src="http://openwetware.org/images/3/3b/S%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%894.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>

</tr> <tr> 

<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/a/aa/S%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%895.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>
<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/f/f1/S%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%896.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>

</tr> <tr> 

<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/d/d4/S%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%897.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>
<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/5/54/S%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%898.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>

</tr> <tr> 

<td>

<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/3/3f/S%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%899.jpg" width="400" height="300"> 

</td>
<td>
</td>

</tr> </table> 

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