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        <h2>Experiment</h2>
       
<h2>Experiment</h2>
1 Step1 温度感受性リポソームの破壊<br>
1-1温度感受性リポソームを破壊する実験<br>
2 Step2 DNAによる連鎖的リポソームの破壊<br>
2-1 DNAオリガミによるアプローチ<br>
2-1-1 デザインしたDNAオリガミの作製<br>
2-2-2 DNAオリガミに蛍光付きDNAがハイブリしていることの確認実験<br>
2-1-3DNAオリガミによりリポソームを破壊する実験<br>
2-1-4 DNAによる配列特異性を証明する実験<br>
2-2 フラワーミセルによるアプローチ<br>
2-2-1 DNAオリガミによりリポソームを破壊する実験<br>
2-2-2 DNAによる配列特異性を証明する実験<br>


<table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<h3>1 Step1 温度感受性リポソームの破壊</h3>
<h4>1-1温度感受性リポソームを破壊する実験</h4>
<h6>Purpose</h6>
私たちのプロジェクトでは外部刺激を感知するイニシエーターの一例としてニッパム修飾したリポソーム（温度感受性リポソーム）を使用する。そのため、温度上昇によりニッパム修飾のリポソームが割れること実験により確認する。<br>


<ul>
In our project, liposome collapses by temperature shift is a crucial step. Thus, we should confirm the temperature sensitivity of PNIPAM lipids-based liposome.（訳途中）<br>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#1">
<span class="tocnumber">i)</span> <span class="toctext">Bending approach</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#2">
<span class="tocnumber">1)</span> <span class="toctext">Making DNA origami</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#3">
<span class="tocnumber">1,1)</span> <span class="toctext">AFM observation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#4">
<span class="tocnumber">1,2</span> <span class="toctext">Labeling DNA origami</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#5">
<span class="tocnumber">2)</span> <span class="toctext">Collapsing liposomes</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#6">
<span class="tocnumber">2,1)</span> <span class="toctext">Making liposomes</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#7">
<span class="tocnumber">2,2)</span> <span class="toctext">Investigating the interaction of DNA origami and liposomes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#8">
<span class="tocnumber">2,3)</span> <span class="toctext">Counting liposomes</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#9">
<span class="tocnumber">ii)</span> <span class="toctext">Flower micelle approach </span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#10">
<span class="tocnumber">1)</span> <span class="toctext">Making liposome</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#11">
<span class="tocnumber">2)</span> <span class="toctext">Confirming the hybridization of trigger and loop DNA</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#12">
<span class="tocnumber">3)</span> <span class="toctext">Confirming the formation of looop structure by SPR</span></a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#13">
<span class="tocnumber">4)</span> <span class="toctext">Collapsing liposome</span></a>
</ul>
</li>
</table>
<article data-title="Chain-reactive burst">


<h3>Lipo-HANABI</h3>
<h6>Method</h6>
Once the trigger DNA, which begins the interaction, is released, the next is the chain reaction . when a liposome containing new triggers and active ingredients is disrupted, the released triggers come to collapse the surrounding liposomes one after another.<br>
脂質にはEggPC、バッファーには？？を使用し、ボルテックス法によりリポソームを作製した。
We tackled the problem of destroying liposomes by the following two approaches.
リポソームにNIPAM (in クロロホルム)を質量比？？？の割合で加えた。
<br>
スライドガラスを作製し、位相差顕微鏡でリポソームがあることを確認した。
<ur><li>i)Bending approach</li>
リポソームが確認できたら、スライドガラスの上にお湯を乗せて温度を上げた。
<li>ii)Flower micelle approach</li></ur>
Protocol
<br>
（対応するプロトコルへのリンク）
<h4 id="1">i)Bending approach</h4>
 
<h4>Experiment list</h4>
<h6>Result</h6>
The experiment necessary for realization of Bending approach is following.<br>
温度を上げる前のリポソームの状態は図１のようになった。
<br>
 
1)  Making DNA origami<br>
図１　温度を上げる前のニッパム付きのリポソーム
1,1) AFM observation<br>
 
1,2) Labeling DNA origami<br>
スライドガラスにお湯を乗せて温度を上昇させた後のリポソームの様子は以下図２、図３のようになった。観察しているリポソームは図１のものと同じである。まず、図２のようにバックグラウンドがザラザラになって、しばらくすると図３のようにリポソームが確認できなくなった。ピントを調節してもリポソームは確認できなかった。
<br>
 
2) Collapsing liposomes<br>
<h6>Discussion</h6>
2,1) Making liposomes<br>
図１で見えていたリポソームが、図２，３のように消えてしまったのでニッパム付きのリポソームが割れたと考えられる。しかし、リポソームによっては温度を上げた後も残っているものがいくつか確認できた。これはリポソームがマルチラメラ（脂質二重膜が複数重なっているもの）になっているものと考えられ、脂質二重膜が単一層のユニラメラよりも割れにくいからだと考えられる。上記図１，２，３で定点観察したリポソームはユニラメラであると考えられる。
2,2) Investigating the interaction of DNA origami and liposomes<br>
 
2,3) Counting liposomes<br>
<h3>2 Step2 DNAによる連鎖的リポソームの破壊</h5>
<br>
<h4>2-1 DNAオリガミによるアプローチ</h4>
<br>
<h5>2-1-1 デザインしたDNAオリガミの作製</h5>
<h4 id="2">1)Making DNA origami</h4>
<h6>Purpose</h6>
<h4 id="3">1-1)AFM observation<h4>
<h5>Purpose</h5>
In our project, we used DNA origami as triggers for collapsing liposomes. We designed a rectangular DNA origami with a chipped edge and tried to make it.<br>
In our project, we used DNA origami as triggers for collapsing liposomes. We designed a rectangular DNA origami with a chipped edge and tried to make it.<br>
<br>
<h5>Principle</h5>
<h6>Method</h6>
DNA origami is a method applied to making nano-structures of various shapes. DNA origami consists of two kinds of strands: scaffold and staples. Scaffold is a long round single-stranded DNA, and staples are short linear single-stranded DNAs. By annealing scaffold and designed staples, we can easily get DNA origami of our own design.<br>
<br>
<h5>Method</h5>
We mixed M13mp18, staples, 5xTAE Mg2+, and mQ in a microtube and annealed it for 2.5 hours.<br>
We mixed M13mp18, staples, 5xTAE Mg2+, and mQ in a microtube and annealed it for 2.5 hours.<br>
<A href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Sendai/protocol">Protocol</A><br>
<A href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Sendai/protocol">Protocol</A><br>
<br>
<br>
<h5>Result</h5>
 
<h6>Result</h6>
We confirmed that our DNA origami was well formed by AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) (Fig.1).<br>
We confirmed that our DNA origami was well formed by AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) (Fig.1).<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/d/d9/Outsideafm2.png"> <br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/d/d9/Outsideafm2.png"> <br>
Fig.1 AFM image of DNA origami (M13: 4nM, staples:20nM)<br>
Fig.1 AFM image of DNA origami (M13: 4nM, staples:20nM)<br>
<br>
<br>
<h5>Discussion</h5>
 
Just like our design, rectanglar origamis with chipped edges were observed.<br>
<h6>Discussion</h6>
<br>
Just like our design, rectanglar origamis with chipped edges were observed.
<br>
 
<h4 id="4">1-2)Labeling DNA origami<h4>
<h5>2-1-2 DNAオリガミに蛍光付きDNAがハイブリしていることの確認実験</h5>
<h5>Purpose</h5>
<h6>Purpose</h6>
If the origami is fluorescently labeled, it is much easier to observe the effect of DNA origami on liposomes. So we labeled our origami by hybridizing it with fluorescent tagged DNA strands.<br>
If the origami is fluorescently labeled, it is much easier to observe the effect of DNA origami on liposomes. So we labeled our origami by hybridizing it with fluorescent tagged DNA strands.<br><br>
<br>
 
<h5>Method</h5>
<h6>Method</h6>
Our DNA origami has many staples that can bind to fluorescent tagged DNAs for labeling. We mixed fluorescent tagged DNAs together with DNA origami staples in annealing solution.<br>
Our DNA origami has many staples that can bind to fluorescent tagged DNAs for labeling. We mixed fluorescent tagged DNAs together with DNA origami staples in annealing solution.<br>
In addition, to see if the origami binds to the fluorescent tagged DNA in shorter time, we added the fluorescent tagged DNA into control annealing solution, which contained no fluorescent tagged DNA, and left it for 40 minutes.<br>
In addition, to see if the origami binds to the fluorescent tagged DNA in shorter time, we added the fluorescent tagged DNA into control annealing solution, which contained no fluorescent tagged DNA, and left it for 40 minutes.<br>
Line 143: Line 114:
First we saw the bands of our origami in a non-stained gel. Then, we compared the bands with those in a stained gel. If the bands of origami in a non-stained gel were at the same height as those in a stained gel, we can say that our origami is successfully fluorescently labeled.<br>
First we saw the bands of our origami in a non-stained gel. Then, we compared the bands with those in a stained gel. If the bands of origami in a non-stained gel were at the same height as those in a stained gel, we can say that our origami is successfully fluorescently labeled.<br>
<br>
<br>
<h5>Result</h5>  
 
<h6>Result</h6>  
In a non-stained gel (Fig.2), only bands in lane 3 and 4 from the left (*Ori, **Ori) can be seen. They are fluorescent labeled structures. In addition, as they gave the same result, 40 minutes is long enough for fluorescent labeling.<br>
In a non-stained gel (Fig.2), only bands in lane 3 and 4 from the left (*Ori, **Ori) can be seen. They are fluorescent labeled structures. In addition, as they gave the same result, 40 minutes is long enough for fluorescent labeling.<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/5/58/S_Outside-gel-3.2.png" width="300"><br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/5/58/S_Outside-gel-3.2.png" width="300"><br>
Line 153: Line 125:
Fig.3 Stained gel image: from the left, marker, M13mp18, Ori*, Ori**, and DNA origami with no fluorescent molecule (Ori)<br>
Fig.3 Stained gel image: from the left, marker, M13mp18, Ori*, Ori**, and DNA origami with no fluorescent molecule (Ori)<br>
<br>
<br>
<h5>Discussion</h5>
 
<h6>Discussion</h6>
Combining the results of Fig.2 and 3, the fluorescent labeled bands in lane3 and 4 in Fig.2 are at the same height as those of DNA origami in Fig.3. Thus, we concluded our origami was successfully fluorescently labeled.<br>
Combining the results of Fig.2 and 3, the fluorescent labeled bands in lane3 and 4 in Fig.2 are at the same height as those of DNA origami in Fig.3. Thus, we concluded our origami was successfully fluorescently labeled.<br>
<br>
<br>
<h4 id="5">2)Collapsing liposomes</h4>
<h4 id="6">2-1) Making liposomes</h4>
<h5>Purpose</h5>
We make liposomes that are to be collapsed by DNA origami.<br>
<br>
<h5>Principle</h5>
Phospholipids, which compose liposomes, are amphipathic molecules. They have hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, and when they touch water, they make micelles: some hydrophilic groups take water inside. At the same time, other hydrophilic groups touch the water outside. So they form the innermost and outermost part of a micelle. On the other hand, the hydrophobic groups form the intermediate part of a micelle. <br>
In this way, spherical liposomes are made.<br>
<br>
<h5>Method</h5>
To make liposomes, first we mixed lipid (DOPC) and solvent (CHCl3) in a microtube, and desiccate it with Argon gas. Then, adding some buffer (1xTAE Mg2+), we heated it in warm water for a few hours.<br>
<A href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Sendai/protocol">Protocol</A><br>
<br>
The result and discussion are integrated in the next passage of (2-2) Investigating the interaction of DNA origami and liposomes.<br>
<br>
<br>
<h4 id="7">2-2) Investigating the interaction of DNA origami and liposomes<h4>
<h5>Purpose</h5>
To collapse liposome with our origami, first we investigated how our DNA origami affected liposomes.<br>
<br>
<h5>Principle</h5>
To collapse liposomes with our origami, many origamis have to hybridize with the surface of liposomes.<br>
To begin with, we added cholesterol-conjugated single-stranded DNAs (in the rest of this document, referred to as aptamer) into liposomes, and made them float on the surface. If the aptamer have a complementary part to our origami, the origami is expected to hybridize with the surface. In this way, many origamis would hybridize with liposome via aptamers.<br>
<br>
<h5>Method</h5>
We added aptamers into liposomes at the final concentration of 0.018, 0.069, 1.8, and 6.9µM. Then we observed the samples with a phase microscope. Next, adding fluorescently labeled DNA origamis into the above liposomes, we saw if some change would happen with a fluorescent microscope.<br>
<A href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Sendai/protocol">Protocol</A><br>
<br>
<h5>Result</h5>
In all four conditions, liposomes were observed with a phase microscope. We confirmed the formation of multilamella liposomes (Fig.4~7).<br>
<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/7/72/Lipofig4.png" width="400"></br>
Fig.4 Phase microscope image of liposomes (cholesterol-conjugated DNA: 0.018µM)<br>
<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/d/d0/Lipofig5.png" width="400"></br>
Fig.5 Phase microscope image of liposomes (cholesterol-conjugated DNA: 0.069µM)<br>
<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/d/de/Lipofig6.png" width="400"></br>
Fig.6 Phase microscope image of liposomes (cholesterol-conjugated DNA: 1.8µM)<br>
<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/d/d7/Lipofig7.png" width="400"></br>
Fig.7 Phase microscope image of liposomes (cholesterol-conjugated DNA: 6.9µM)<br>
<br>
Adding fluorescently labeled DNA origamis into the above liposomes, we saw if some change would happen with a fluorescent microscope.<br>
When the concentration of aptamer was 0.018, 0.069µM, many gleaming (in green color) liposomes were observed. We confirmed that the fluorescently labeled origamis well hybridized with the liposomal surface (Fig.8,9,10). <br>
<table>
<tr>
  <td>
  <Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/6/6c/Lipofig8.png" width="400">
  </td>
  <td>
  <Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/a/a6/Lipofig9.png" width="400">
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
Fig.8,9 fluorescent microscope image of liposomes (cholesterol-conjugated DNA: 0.018µM)<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/b/b4/Lipofig10.png" width="400"></br>
Fig.10 fluorescent microscope image of liposomes (cholesterol-conjugated DNA: 0.069µM)<br>
<br>
On the other hand, when the concentration of aptamer was 1.8µM, few gleaming liposomes could be seen with a fluorescent microscope (Fig.11). This result indicates the possibility that liposomes were collapsed.<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/1/18/Lipofig11.png" width="400"></br>
Fig.11 fluorescent microscope image of liposomes (cholesterol-conjugated DNA: 1.8µM)<br>
<br>
When the concentration of aptamer is 6.9µM, some liposomes were gleaming and others distorted, forming networks (Fig.12).<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/8/88/Lipofig12.png" width="400"></br>
Fig.12 fluorescent microscope image of liposomes (cholesterol-conjugated DNA: 6.9µM)<br>
<br>
<h5>Discussion</h5>
From these results, we put forward the following hypothesis about the interaction of DNA origami and liposomes.<br>
When the concentration of aptamer is low (0.018, 0.069µM), DNA origamis hybridize with the surface of the liposomes relatively stablely. When the concentration is middle (1.8µM), more DNA origamis hybridizes with the surface and place stress on it. Then, liposomes become fragile and easy to be collapsed. When the concentration is high (6.9µM), some liposomes exist individually, and others form networks via aptamer and DNA origami complexes.<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/7/7c/Experimentinsidefig.png"><br>
<br>
According to this hypothesis, when the concentration of aptamer is 1.8µM, DNA origami collapses liposomes. Therefore, in the following experiment, we checked if DNA origami would collapse liposomes at this concentration of aptamer.<br>
<br>
<br>
<h4 id="8">2-3)Counting liposomes</h4>
<h5>Purpose</h5>
To see if DNA origami collapses liposomes, we counted the number of liposomes before and after adding DNA origami. <br>
<br>
<h5>Method</h5>
For the sake of observation convenience, we mixed TR-DHPE (red fluorescent dye) with lipid (DOPC) and solvate (CHCl3), and made liposomes. The liposomal surfaces were dyed by TR-DHPE.<br>
Then we added aptamers at the final concentration of 1.8µM, and counted the number of liposomes with a fluorescent microscope.<br>
After counting, we put DNA origami and counted the number of liposomes again.<br>
<A href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Sendai/protocol">Protocol</A><br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/4/41/Counting-liposome.png"></br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<h4 id="9">ii)Flower micelle approach</h4>
<h4>Experiment list</h4>
The experiment necessary for realization of Flower micelle approach is following.<br>
1) Making liposome <br>
2) Confirming the hybridization of trigger and loop DNA <br>
3) Confirming the formation of loop structure by SPR<br>
4) Collapsing liposome<br>
<br>
<br>
<h4 id="10">1)Making liposome</h4>
<h5>Purpose</h5>
We make liposomes that are to be collapsed by flower micelle method.<br>
<br>
<h5>Principal</h5>
We made normal liposomes made of DOPC and phase-separatied liposomes made of  DOPC, DPPC and cholesterol.<br>
Phase-separated liposomes are liposomes made by several kinds of lipids. On the surface of phase-separated liposomes several kinds of lipids separate and the liposomes are formed by some layers.<br>
As the surface lipids of the phase-separated liposomes are not so changeable as the normal liposomes, It is considered that power produced by the hybridization of the loop and trigger strands reaches the liposome more effectively.<br>
So the phase separation liposome was used for experiments this time.<br>
<br>
<h5>Method</h5>
<ur><li>1. Making DOPC, DPPC, and Cholesterol lipid Lipid<br>
1-1 Put 7.8 mg DOPC, 7.3mg DPPC , and 3.8mg Cholesterol into each microtube, and add 1ml CHCl3.<br>
1-2 Put it in a ultrasonic bath of 60 degrees Celsius for one hour.<br>
1-3 10mM DOPC, DPPC, Cholesterol lipid is made.<br></li>
          <br>
            <li>2. Making phase-separated liposomes<br>
            2-1 Mix DOPC,DPPC, and Cholesterol at the ratio of 1:1:1 to make phase-separated liposomes. In this experiment, mix 4µl DOPC (10mM), 4µl DPPC (10mM),4µl Cholesterol (10mM) and 88μl buffer well.<br>
            2-2 Add 12µl Texas red (10μM) <br>
            2-3 Dry the sample using Argon gas<br>
            2-4 Hydrated the dried sample with by 100ml 1xTAE<br>
            2-5 Put the sample in hot water for three hours. Then leave it at low temperature for one hour to let the surface lipid separate.</il></ur><br>
<br>
<h5>Result</h5>
As is shown in Fig.13, phase-separated liposomes were observed by a fluorescent microscope. They are basically multi-lamella liposomes.<br>
We confirmed the formation of phase-separated liposomes with a fluorescent microscope.<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/f/f2/Flower6.png"></br>
Fig.13 Fluorescent microscope image of phase-separated liposomes<br>
<br>
<h5>Discussion</h5>
Using the above-mentioned method, we successfully made phase-separated liposomes.　However, they are multi-lamella ones and should be refined to be uni-lamella ones, by methods such as electroformation or droplet-transfer method.<br>
<br>
<br>
<h4 id="11">2) Confirming the hybridization of trigger and loop DNA</h4>
<h5>Purpose</h5>
We checked whether trigger DNA hybridizes with loop DNA at normal temperature by electrophoresis. <br>
<br>
<h5>Method</h5>
<ur><li>1. Prepare three microtubes and put three kinds of trigger DNAs (10, 20, 40bases; 5µl, 100nM) into each tube.</li>
<li>2. Add three kinds of loop DNAs (10, 20, 40bases; 5µl, 100nM) into corresponding tube (tube that contains trigger DNA of corresponding number of nucleotides) and leave them at normal temperature for approximately one hour.</li>
<li>3. Add 6x loading buffer with the quantity of 20% of the samples.</li>
<li>4. Make an acrylic amide gel.</li>
<li>5. Load samples (including marker) into 10 lanes.</li>
The electrophoresis was conducted with CV 100V for one hour.<br>
<br>
<h5>Result</h5>
The result was shown in Fig.14.<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/3/37/Flowerex3.png"></br>
Fig.14 Stained gel image<br>
<br>
The lane of 20 base loop and trigger shows a strong band at different height from the band of only 20 base loop and trigger. As for the samples of 40 base, the result was the same. <br>
On the other hand, the lane of 10 base loop and trigger shows a band at the same height as the band of only 10 base loop. No band was seen in the lane of only 10 base trigger.<br>
<br>
<h5>Discussion</h5>
The fact that the band of 20 base loop and trigger was at the different height from the band of only 20 base loop or trigger indicates that 20 base loop and trigger DNA hybridized and made a double strand. As the samples of 40 base showed the same result, we concluded that 20 and 40base loops and triggers hybridize at normal temperature.<br>
However, as for the samples of 10 bases, there was no difference between the two band height. Therefore, 10 base loop and trigger had not hybridized. <br>
It is estimated that no band was seen in the lane of only 10 base trigger because of some kind of mistakes. Therefore we do not take this into consideration.<br>
From the above, we find that the 20 and 40nt trigger hybridizes with a loop at normal temperature.<br>
<br>
<br>
<h4 id="12">3) Confirming the formation of loop structure by SPR</h4>
<h5>Purpose</h5>
To collapse liposomes by flower micelle method, we aim to attach many loop strands to the surface of liposomes. <br>
To achieve this, we adopt the same hybridization method via aptamers as used in i)Bending approach into liposomes: the aptamer has a complementary part to our loop strand and the loop strand is expected to hybridize with liposomes.<br>
We checked the hybridization of liposomes and aptamers, and that of aptamers and our loop strands. <br>
<br>
<h5>Principle</h5>
As our loop strand is too small to observe with an AFM or a fluorescent microscope, we used an apparatus called SPR.<br>
SPR is a Surface Plasmon Resonance assay that estimates the weight of molecules attached to membrane surface, by the change of the reflection of the laser beam.<br>
If aptamer attaches to a liposome, and then loop strand attaches to it, SPR value increases after each step.<br>
We measured SPR value after each step of adding DOPC into liposomes, and loop DNAs into it.<br>
<br>
<h5>Method</h5>
<ur><li>1. Inject 45µl DOPC (100mM) into SPR</li>
<li>2. Inject 5µl NAOH to SPR in order to stabilize the point</li>
<li>3. Inject 10µl aptamer (0.1µM) to SPR</li>
<li>4. Inject 10µl loop DNA of 40 bp (0.1µM) to SPR</li>
<li>5. Inject 10 µl trigger DNA of 40 bp (0.1µM) to SPR</li>
<br>
<br>
<h5>Result</h5>
The result was shown in Fig.15 below.<br>
<Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/f/fd/Flowerex2.png"></br>
Fig.15 The transition of SPR value<br>
<br>
As the first injection of aptamers caused no change of SPR value, we injected aptamers for two times. <br>
Fig 15 shows that SPR value increased after injecting aptamers and loop DNAs. Moreover, we should note that after injecting trigger DNA, some changes of SPR value were observed.<br>
<br>
<h5>Discussion</h5>
Fig.15 shows the behavior of materials on the surface of liposomes. The increase of SPR value after injecting aptamers indicates that aptamers successfully combined with liposomes.
Similarly, it is considered that loop DNAs combined with aptamers. <br>
Thus, we confirmed the formation of the loop structures on liposomes.<br>
<br>
<br>
<h4 id="13">4) Collapsing liposome</h4>
<h5>Purpose</h5>
It was tested if liposomes would be collapsed by adding trigger DNA.<br>
<br>
<h5>Principle</h5>
Whether liposomes are collapsed or not can be decided by counting the number of liposomes before and after the trigger addition. As a control, we added the same amount of buffer instead of trigger. Liposomes are observed by a fluorescent microscope.<br>
<br>
<h5>Method</h5>
<ur><li>1.  Make liposomes with loop DNAs<br>
1-1 Mix 2µl liposome (0.2mM) with 2µl aptamer (10µM) at normal temperature<br>
1-2 Add 2µl loop DNA (20µM)</li><br>
<li>2. Collapse the liposomes with the loop DNAs<br>
2-1      Add 2µl trigger DNA (20µM) </li></ur><br>
<br>
<h5>Result</h5>
Fig.16 is the result of the sample added trigger DNAs; Fig.17, the sample of control experiment.<br>
<table>
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Fig.16,17 Fluorescent microscope image of liposomes
<br>(Fig.16: sample added trigger DNAs, Fig.17: control)<br>
As it was difficult to count the number of liposomes in both cases, we did not count them.<br>
<br>
<h5>Discussion</h5>
As we were not able to see a clear numerical change, we did not see whether liposomes were collapsed by this experiment.<br>
Two ideas why liposomes were not collapsed are come up:<br>
1. The lipid ratio for making liposomes was not appropriate. We should investigate the most appropriate and effective ratio for collapsing liposomes.<br>
2. Liposomes in this experiment were multi-lamella ones: Multi-lamella liposomes have some leaflets piled up. It is considered that more power is needed to collapse them. We would try other methods except the hydration method in future to make uni-lamella liposomes (which is relatively easy to collapse).<br>
Solving the above- mentioned problems, liposomes would be destroyed.<br>
<h3>Sensing</h3>


<h5>Purpose</h5>
<h5>2-1-3 DNAオリガミによりリポソームを破壊する実験</h5>
始めの連鎖反応を引き起こすリポソームに特別な機能を持たせることで、このLipo-HANABIを発生させる条件を選択することができる。<br>
<h6>Purpose</h6>
これは、必要な場面でこのLipo-HANABIを自動的に機能させるのに重要なことである。<br>
DNAオリガミのハイブリによってリポソームが割れるのかどうかを確かめる
今回はその一例として温度応答性のNIPAMつきリポソームで実験を行った。<br>
 
<h6>Method</h6>
DNAオリガミに蛍光をハイブリさせたものをアニーリングにより作製する
膜染色（テキサスレッド）したリポソームをつくる
リポソームのみを蛍光顕微鏡で観察する。
リポソームにDNAオリガミを加えてその後の様子を観察する
 
Protocol
（対応するプロトコルへのリンク）
 
<h6>Result</h6>
 
<h6>Discussion</h6>
 
<h5>2-1-4 DNAによる配列特異性を証明する実験</h5>
<h6>Purpose</h6>
このプロジェクトにおいてリポソームをDNAで割る理由は、DNAの配列特異性を利用して割れるリポソーム間に関係性を持たせるためである。そこで配列の異なる２種類のDNAを生やしたリポソームを用意して片方だけに相補なDNAを加え、２種類のリポソームのうちDNAが相補になっている片方のリポソームだけが破壊されることを確かめた。
 
<h6>Method</h6>
内部にGFPを含んだリポソームとテキサスレッドで膜を染色した２種類のリポソームを作製する。GFPを含んだリポソームには～～～の配列を持つコレステロール付きのDNAを膜染色をしたリポソームには～～～の配列をもつコレステロール付きのDNAを振り掛けた。各リポソームを生成してリポソームにくっつかなかったコレステロール付きのDNAを除去して、２種類のリポソームが入っている溶液（サンプル）を混合して
（対応するプロトコルへのリンク）
 
<h6>Result</h6>
 
<h6>Discussion</h6>
 
<h4>2-2 フラワーミセルによるアプローチ</h4>
<h5>2-2-1 DNAオリガミによりリポソームを破壊する実験</h5>
<h6>Purpose</h6>
DNAオリガミのハイブリによってリポソームが割れるのかどうかを確かめる。


<h5>Principle</h5>
<h6>Method</h6>
・NIPAM分子に関する原理
DNAオリガミに蛍光をハイブリさせたものをアニーリングにより作製する
NIPAMは32℃以下では親水性だが、 32℃より高温になると収縮し疎水性になる。したがってNIPAMを修飾したリポソームは32℃より高温のとき、不安定になり割れる。(参考)
膜染色（テキサスレッド）したリポソームをつくる
・Electroformation法に関する原理
リポソームのみを蛍光顕微鏡で観察する。
乾燥させたフィルムにbufferを入れ、その状態で電気をかけることで膜を揺らしながら膨らませる方法。
リポソームにDNAオリガミを加えてその後の様子を観察する
（対応するプロトコルへのリンク）


<h5>Method</h5>
<h6>Result</h6>
・1, ミクロチューブでLipidとクロロホルム、NIPAMを混合する<br>
・2, ITOコーティングしたガラスの表面で溶液を敷き、アルゴンガスで乾燥させる。<br>
・3, コの字状のシリコンをフィルムに重ならないようにガラスの上に置き、もう一枚のITOコーティグしたガラスで挟む。<br>
・4, ２枚のガラスとシリコンで囲まれた空間にbuffer（ex mQ）を入れる。<br>
・5, その２枚のガラスに５V、１０Hzの交流電流を２０分かける。<br>
・6, 対象を適量取り、温度を上げながら観察する。<br>


<h6>Discussion</h6>


<h5>Result</h5>
<h5>2-2-2 DNAによる配列特異性を証明する実験</h5>
<h6>Purpose</h6>


<h5>Discussion</h5>
<h6>Method</h6>
（対応するプロトコルへのリンク）


<h6>Result</h6>


<h6>Discussion</h6>




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            <a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Sendai"><h1 style="color:white;" ><b>Biomod<span>2013<br>&emsp; Team</span>Sendai</b></h1></a> 

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<h2>Experiment</h2> 1 Step1 温度感受性リポソームの破壊<br> 1-1温度感受性リポソームを破壊する実験<br> 2 Step2 DNAによる連鎖的リポソームの破壊<br> 2-1 DNAオリガミによるアプローチ<br> 2-1-1 デザインしたDNAオリガミの作製<br> 2-2-2 DNAオリガミに蛍光付きDNAがハイブリしていることの確認実験<br> 2-1-3DNAオリガミによりリポソームを破壊する実験<br> 2-1-4 DNAによる配列特異性を証明する実験<br> 2-2 フラワーミセルによるアプローチ<br> 2-2-1 DNAオリガミによりリポソームを破壊する実験<br> 2-2-2 DNAによる配列特異性を証明する実験<br>

<h3>1 Step1 温度感受性リポソームの破壊</h3> <h4>1-1温度感受性リポソームを破壊する実験</h4> <h6>Purpose</h6> 私たちのプロジェクトでは外部刺激を感知するイニシエーターの一例としてニッパム修飾したリポソーム（温度感受性リポソーム）を使用する。そのため、温度上昇によりニッパム修飾のリポソームが割れること実験により確認する。<br>

In our project, liposome collapses by temperature shift is a crucial step. Thus, we should confirm the temperature sensitivity of PNIPAM lipids-based liposome.（訳途中）<br>

<h6>Method</h6> 脂質にはEggPC、バッファーには？？を使用し、ボルテックス法によりリポソームを作製した。 リポソームにNIPAM (in クロロホルム)を質量比？？？の割合で加えた。 スライドガラスを作製し、位相差顕微鏡でリポソームがあることを確認した。 リポソームが確認できたら、スライドガラスの上にお湯を乗せて温度を上げた。 Protocol （対応するプロトコルへのリンク）

<h6>Result</h6> 温度を上げる前のリポソームの状態は図１のようになった。

図１　温度を上げる前のニッパム付きのリポソーム

スライドガラスにお湯を乗せて温度を上昇させた後のリポソームの様子は以下図２、図３のようになった。観察しているリポソームは図１のものと同じである。まず、図２のようにバックグラウンドがザラザラになって、しばらくすると図３のようにリポソームが確認できなくなった。ピントを調節してもリポソームは確認できなかった。

<h6>Discussion</h6> 図１で見えていたリポソームが、図２，３のように消えてしまったのでニッパム付きのリポソームが割れたと考えられる。しかし、リポソームによっては温度を上げた後も残っているものがいくつか確認できた。これはリポソームがマルチラメラ（脂質二重膜が複数重なっているもの）になっているものと考えられ、脂質二重膜が単一層のユニラメラよりも割れにくいからだと考えられる。上記図１，２，３で定点観察したリポソームはユニラメラであると考えられる。

<h3>2 Step2 DNAによる連鎖的リポソームの破壊</h5> <h4>2-1 DNAオリガミによるアプローチ</h4> <h5>2-1-1 デザインしたDNAオリガミの作製</h5> <h6>Purpose</h6> In our project, we used DNA origami as triggers for collapsing liposomes. We designed a rectangular DNA origami with a chipped edge and tried to make it.<br>

<h6>Method</h6> We mixed M13mp18, staples, 5xTAE Mg2+, and mQ in a microtube and annealed it for 2.5 hours.<br> <A href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Sendai/protocol">Protocol</A><br> <br>

<h6>Result</h6> We confirmed that our DNA origami was well formed by AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) (Fig.1).<br> <Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/d/d9/Outsideafm2.png"> <br> Fig.1 AFM image of DNA origami (M13: 4nM, staples:20nM)<br> <br>

<h6>Discussion</h6> Just like our design, rectanglar origamis with chipped edges were observed.

<h5>2-1-2 DNAオリガミに蛍光付きDNAがハイブリしていることの確認実験</h5> <h6>Purpose</h6> If the origami is fluorescently labeled, it is much easier to observe the effect of DNA origami on liposomes. So we labeled our origami by hybridizing it with fluorescent tagged DNA strands.<br><br>

<h6>Method</h6> Our DNA origami has many staples that can bind to fluorescent tagged DNAs for labeling. We mixed fluorescent tagged DNAs together with DNA origami staples in annealing solution.<br> In addition, to see if the origami binds to the fluorescent tagged DNA in shorter time, we added the fluorescent tagged DNA into control annealing solution, which contained no fluorescent tagged DNA, and left it for 40 minutes.<br> To see the origami was well labeled with fluorescent molecules, we used electrophoresis. <br> Electrophoresis was conducted with a 1% agarose gel, CV100V for 50 minutes.<br> <A href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2013/Sendai/protocol">Protocol</A><br> <br> By scanning a gel before staining, we can see only the bands of DNA structures with fluorescent molecules; scanning a gel after staining, we can see the bands of all DNA structures. So we scanned a gel before and after staining (we scanned both a non-stained and a stained gel). <br> First we saw the bands of our origami in a non-stained gel. Then, we compared the bands with those in a stained gel. If the bands of origami in a non-stained gel were at the same height as those in a stained gel, we can say that our origami is successfully fluorescently labeled.<br> <br>

<h6>Result</h6> In a non-stained gel (Fig.2), only bands in lane 3 and 4 from the left (*Ori, **Ori) can be seen. They are fluorescent labeled structures. In addition, as they gave the same result, 40 minutes is long enough for fluorescent labeling.<br> <Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/5/58/S_Outside-gel-3.2.png" width="300"><br> Fig.2 Non-stained gel image: only bands in two lanes can be seen. From the left, they are DNA origami with fluorescent molecules in pre-annealing (Ori*), and DNA origami with fluorescent molecules in post-annealing (Ori**)<br> <br> In a stained gel (Fig.3), marker (lane 1) had the longest DNA strand of 20kb. Comparing this and M13mp18 (lane 2) with annealed DNA origamis (lane 3,4,5), the bands of the origamis are at the higher position. Therefore, we concluded that in lane3~5, DNA origami structure made of M13 and staples were made as we had expected. <br> We considered that the bands in lane3~5 are seen as if they were diffused, just because our origami has many staples binding to the fluorescent tagged DNAs, and each origami attaches to different number of them, and its molecular weight varies.<br> <Img Src="http://openwetware.org/images/2/2d/S_Outside-gel-2.2.png" width="300"> </br> Fig.3 Stained gel image: from the left, marker, M13mp18, Ori*, Ori**, and DNA origami with no fluorescent molecule (Ori)<br> <br>

<h6>Discussion</h6> Combining the results of Fig.2 and 3, the fluorescent labeled bands in lane3 and 4 in Fig.2 are at the same height as those of DNA origami in Fig.3. Thus, we concluded our origami was successfully fluorescently labeled.<br> <br>

<h5>2-1-3 DNAオリガミによりリポソームを破壊する実験</h5> <h6>Purpose</h6> DNAオリガミのハイブリによってリポソームが割れるのかどうかを確かめる

<h6>Method</h6> DNAオリガミに蛍光をハイブリさせたものをアニーリングにより作製する 膜染色（テキサスレッド）したリポソームをつくる リポソームのみを蛍光顕微鏡で観察する。 リポソームにDNAオリガミを加えてその後の様子を観察する

Protocol （対応するプロトコルへのリンク）

<h6>Result</h6>

<h6>Discussion</h6>

<h5>2-1-4 DNAによる配列特異性を証明する実験</h5> <h6>Purpose</h6> このプロジェクトにおいてリポソームをDNAで割る理由は、DNAの配列特異性を利用して割れるリポソーム間に関係性を持たせるためである。そこで配列の異なる２種類のDNAを生やしたリポソームを用意して片方だけに相補なDNAを加え、２種類のリポソームのうちDNAが相補になっている片方のリポソームだけが破壊されることを確かめた。

<h6>Method</h6> 内部にGFPを含んだリポソームとテキサスレッドで膜を染色した２種類のリポソームを作製する。GFPを含んだリポソームには～～～の配列を持つコレステロール付きのDNAを膜染色をしたリポソームには～～～の配列をもつコレステロール付きのDNAを振り掛けた。各リポソームを生成してリポソームにくっつかなかったコレステロール付きのDNAを除去して、２種類のリポソームが入っている溶液（サンプル）を混合して （対応するプロトコルへのリンク）

<h6>Result</h6>

<h6>Discussion</h6>

<h4>2-2 フラワーミセルによるアプローチ</h4> <h5>2-2-1 DNAオリガミによりリポソームを破壊する実験</h5> <h6>Purpose</h6> DNAオリガミのハイブリによってリポソームが割れるのかどうかを確かめる。

<h6>Method</h6> DNAオリガミに蛍光をハイブリさせたものをアニーリングにより作製する 膜染色（テキサスレッド）したリポソームをつくる リポソームのみを蛍光顕微鏡で観察する。 リポソームにDNAオリガミを加えてその後の様子を観察する （対応するプロトコルへのリンク）

<h6>Result</h6>

<h6>Discussion</h6>

<h5>2-2-2 DNAによる配列特異性を証明する実験</h5> <h6>Purpose</h6>

<h6>Method</h6> （対応するプロトコルへのリンク）

<h6>Result</h6>

<h6>Discussion</h6> 


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