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{|style="margin-left: | =<font color="green">0.Construction of Biomolecular Rocket</font>= | ||
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::'''Selective coating by vapor deposition'''<br> | |||
| In order to have a positional specificity, We made metal-deposited beads. Hemispherical part of polystyrene bead was covered with Cr, 1/4 part of spere was covered with Au and the other part was polystyrene. First, deposited Au on the half of polystyrene beads. Second, deposited Cr on the half of polystyrene beads. | ||
::'''DNA conjugation to polystyrene surface'''<br> | |||
Carboxyl (COOH) microparticles can be used for covalent coupling of proteins by activating the carboxyl group with water-soluble carbodiimide. The carbodiimide reacted with the carboxyl group to create an active ester that was reactive toward primary amines on the DNA.<br> | |||
: | First, carboxyl group of polystyrene beads and EDAC reacted with each other. Next, carboxyl group became active intermediate. Then DNA coupled to polystyrene beads. | ||
::'''DNA conjugation to metal surface'''<br> | |||
When we mix thiol-modified DNA and Pt or Au, they will be self assembly. Thiol-modified DNA and Au or Pt are organized naturally. Using this characteristic, attached two kinds of DNA with Pt and bond another kind of DNA with Au. | |||
::'''Catalyst conjugation''' | |||
Finally, we conjugated the catalyst to our rocket body by DNA hybridization. Complementary strand DNA had adhered to the corresponding parts of the rocket body, so it enabled to conjugate catalyst engines in that we designed these DNA were thermodynamically stable when they hybridized. | |||
we build our rocket in this way. | |||
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::::::::::>>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#0._Construction_ of_Biomolecular_Rocket|Resalts]] | |||
== | ==0.1. Selective coating of the body== | ||
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1st Deposition<br> | 1st Deposition<br> | ||
| We deposit gold on the polystyrene-bead to make the body that have Au hemispherical area.<br><br> | ||
2nd Deposition<br> | 2nd Deposition<br> | ||
Next, | Next, We change the direction of beads, and deposit chromium on the body. Then we pick up polystyrene-bead, which are deposited by quarter gold and half chromium. By chromium capping, this "head part" is prevented to conjyugate DNA strands, so platinum only mounted at the rear.<br><br> | ||
Therefore, platinum particles can't conjugate onto chromium hemisphere. As a result, Biomolecular Rocket starts to move toward chromium hemisphere heading. | |||
|} | |} | ||
::::::::::>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#0.1._Selective_coating_of_the_body|Results]] | |||
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==0.2. Design of linker DNA strands== | |||
: We used DNA strands for bonding between a body of Biomolecular Rocket and platinum particles. DNA strands must be designed 4 DNA strands to hybridize at room temperature stably. DNA strands are categorize into two types, one type was a DNA strand for conjugation to polystyrene surface and its cDNA, and another type was a DNA strand for conjugation to gold surface and its cDNA. Each cDNA conjugated to platinum particles.<br> | |||
: In this section, we explain how we design DNA strands. There are three steps to design DNA strands, first step is selection of DNA strands , second step is adjustment of the number of bases and final step is design of cDNA strand. We used NUPACK<sup>[1]</sup> for these processes of DNA design. NUPACK is a software for the analysis and design of nucleic acid systems.<br> | |||
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< | : First, we chosed DNA strands from a treatise<sup>[2]</sup>. In this step, we analyzed whether DNA could easily hybridize at room temperature stably. Then we selected two DNA strands. Secondly, we adjusted number of bases in order to make easily dissociated when they introduced photo-switching systems. Finally, we design c of each cDNA strands, and modify amino group and thiol group as necessary. <br> | ||
==DNA conjugation== | :Reference | ||
=== | : [1] NUPACK nucleic acid package. http://www.nupack.org/<br> | ||
: [2] Tetsuro Kitajima, Masahiro Takinoue, Ko-ichiroh Shohda, Akira Suyama. LNCS 4848, 119-129 (2008)<br> | |||
::::::::::>>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#0.2._Design_of_linker_DNA_strands|Results]] | |||
==0-3.DNA conjugation== | |||
===0.3.1. Selective conjugation of DNA to polystyrene surface area=== | |||
<hr> | |||
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We bond polystyrene-beads with DNA using EDAC. EDAC is known as water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC) and is used as coupling agent to form amide bond. EDAC crosslinks nucleic acids to the surfaces, which have carboxy group. In this project, we used this method to conjugate amino modified DNA onto carboxylated polystyrene-beads. EDAC | '''We bond polystyrene-beads with DNA using EDAC.''' EDAC is known as water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC) and is used as coupling agent to form amide bond. EDAC crosslinks nucleic acids to the surfaces, which have carboxy group. In this project, we used this method to conjugate amino-modified DNA onto carboxylated polystyrene-beads. EDAC reacted with carboxylated polystyrene-beads to form active intermediate on the body. Then it reacted to amino-modified DNA. The beads are coupled by nucleic acid. We divide the body into three parts including polystyrene surface, so it is possible to connect each DNA with position classification. By using this method, we were able to connect platinum to aircraft body part of polystyrene in a region-specific manner. | ||
|} | |} | ||
::::::::::>>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#0.3.1._Selective_conjugation_of_DNA_to_polystyrene_surface_area|Results]] | |||
=== | |||
===0.3.2. Selective conjugation of DNA to metal surface area=== | |||
<hr> | |||
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Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of molecules are molecular assemblies formed spontaneously on substrate surfaces by chemical adsorption. This chemical reactions can be organized into large ordered domains and it is also possible to cover the substrate with functional end group that has some modification. In addition, few steps and experimental technique are required. SAMs are created by adsorption of head groups onto a substrate followed by a slow organization of tail groups. | '''Self-assembled monolayers (SAM)<sup>[1],[2]</sup>''' of molecules are molecular assemblies formed spontaneously on substrate surfaces by chemical adsorption. This chemical reactions can be organized into large ordered domains and it is also possible to cover the substrate with functional end group that has some modification. In addition, few steps and experimental technique are required. SAMs are created by adsorption of head groups onto a substrate followed by a slow organization of tail groups.<br><br> | ||
First, head groups are absorbed onto substrate over . In this phase, the surface of substrate is patterned with spots by dsorbeate molecules rather than beautiful membranes. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| : Over the period of disordering form, the head groups assemble together on the substrate, while the tail groups assemble far from the substrate. Areas of concentrated molecules nucleate and grow until the surface of the substrate is covered in a single monolayer. | ||
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|width=" | |<html><body><td align="center" width="150px"><img src="http://openwetware.org/images/4/48/Thiol_.jpg" border=0 width=300 height=240></a></td></body></html> | ||
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SAM conjugation onto gold<br> | |||
Thiolated compound and gold substrate are one of the most famous research of SAMs<sup>[3]</sup>. Thiol modified DNA was conjugate to gold particles by this chemical reaction. Initially, substrate gold were cleaned by water or acid-base buffer in order to washout organic impurities. Gold particles were dissolved in 10mM phosphate buffer pH8, 10μM thiol modified DNA. Then in addition to NaCl, intended to raise the concentration of NaCl every 2 hours after 24 hours of incubation for 6 hours, then incubate more 16 hoursraise up to 0.7M salt concentration '''(Salt aging process)'''.Last,clean up again by proper buffer and dry. This reaction was also used with platinum. | |||
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< | :Reference | ||
==DNA | :[1] A. Ulman, Chem Rev 96, 1533 (1996).<br> | ||
:[2] G. E. Poirier, Chem Rev 97, 1117 (1997).<br> | |||
:[3]Dmitri Y. Petrovykh,; Hiromi Kimura-Suda,; Aric Opdahl,; Lee J. Richter,; Michael J. Tarlov,; Lloyd J. Whitman.Langmuir 22, 2578-2587(2006)<br> | |||
::::::::::>>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#0.3.2._Selective_conjugation_of_DNA_to_metal_surface_area|Results]] | |||
==0.4. Catalyst attachment with DNA hybridization== | |||
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We designed | '''We attached the catalyst to our rocket body with DNA hybridization.''' cDNA had adhered to the corresponding parts of the rocket body, so it enabled to attach catalyst engines in that we designed these DNA were thermodynamically stable when they hybridized.<br><br> | ||
First, we prepared DNA-conjugated 10 μm sized polystyrene beads which were deposited 1/4 Au and 1/2 Cr. At the same time we prepared DNA-conjugated 0.15-0.40 μm sized platinum particles. Then, mixed these materials in 3×SSC buffer at 90 °C, and cooled to room temperature slowly over time. Namely, annealing DNA by raising temperature at the first time, next make it easy to hybridize each other by downing to room temperature. | |||
|} | |} | ||
| ::::::::::::>>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#0.4._Catalyst_attachment_with_DNA_hybridization|Results]] | ||
| <br><br> | ||
<div align = "right" style="padding-right:200px">[[#TOP|↑Page Top]]</div> | |||
<hr> | |||
== | ==1.1. DNA hybridization in solution of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>== | ||
: H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> has strong corrosion. There was a risk that DNA strand is denatured by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>[1]</sup>. So, we had to ensure that the hybridization of DNA is not suffer from H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. We guessed that if DNA had been destroyed, then molecular mass would decrease in that DNA can't hybridize. Visualizing the relative magnitude of the molecular weight by electrophoresis, we are able to examine whether DNA can hybridize or not.<br> | |||
: This time, we have to examine the state of the DNA in the time we need to steer rocket, set the time to soak and concentration of H<small>2</small>O<small>2</small>. We used PAGE electrophoresis to ascertain the stability of DNA duplex in thin H₂O₂ solution 1%-5%. PAGE electrophoresis shows the difference of molecular weight that comes from dissociation or hybridization in the form of bands.<br><br> | |||
:Reference<br> | |||
:[1]Natacha Driessens, Soetkin Versteyhe, Chiraz Ghaddhab, Agne`s Burniat, Xavier De Deken, Jacqueline Van Sande, Jacques-Emile Dumont, Franc¸oise Miot, Bernard Corvilain,Endocrine-Related Cancer 16 845–856(2009)<br> | |||
::::::::::>>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#1.1._DNA_hybridization_in_solution_of_H2O2|Results]] | |||
==1.2. Power supply for rail-free movement by using catalase catalytic engine== | |||
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| For supplying power of Biomolecular Rocket, we experimented with another catalytic engine<sup>[1],[2],[3]</sup>. Catalase is known as a enzyme that catalyzes the hydrogen peroxide solution. And we expected that this enzyme will be new catalytic engine of the Biomolecular Rocket because a enzyme activity of this enzyme is 100,000 times stronger than that of platinum. In this experiment, we deposited Au for half surface of polystyrene beads and catalase conjugated onto polystyrene side. In addition, we observed a behavior of the beads in diluted H<small>2</small>O<small>2</small> solution.<br> | ||
[[Image:Make catalase rocket.png|center|350px]] | |||
|} | |} | ||
<div align = "right" style="padding-right:200px">[[#TOP| | :Reference | ||
== | :[1]Javier Vicario, Rienk Eelkema, Wesley R. Browne, Auke Meetsma, Rene´ M. La Crois Ben,L. Feringa,;Chem. Commun, 3936–3938(2005)<br> | ||
:[2]Davide Pantarotto, Wesley R. Browne and Ben L. Feringa,;Chem. Commun. 1533–1535(2008)<br> | |||
:[3]Yosuke Yabe, Makiya Nishikawa, Ayumi Tamada, Yoshinobu Takakura, and Mitsuru Hashida,;JPET 289:1176–1184(1999) | |||
::::::::::>>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#1.2._Power_supply_for_rail-free_movement_by_using_catalase_catalytic_engine|Results]] | |||
==1.3. Power supply for rail-free movement by using platinum catalytic engine== | |||
: The driving force of Biomolecular Rocket is catalytic engine of platinum. This catalytic engine became more powerful<sup>[1],[2]</sup>, increasing the surface of platinum. Biomolecular Rocket had numerous platinum particles to increase the surface of platinum. In this experiment, we deposited chromium to 1µm beads which are covered platinum and we make half platinum beads<sup>[3]</sup>. Then, we observed a behavior of the beads in 3% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> solution. From this experiment, we are able to investigate whether Surface area of platinum was related to the speed.<br> | |||
[[Image:Make platinum hemisphere.png|center|300px]] | |||
:Reference | |||
:[1]Rustem F. Ismagilov, Alexander Schwartz, Ned Bowden, George M. Whitesides.;Chem. Int. 652-654(2002)<br> | |||
:[2]Jonathan R. Howse, Richard A. L. Jones, Anthony J. Ryan, Tim Gough, Reza Vafabakhsh, Ramin Golestanian,;Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 048102 (2007)<br> | |||
:[3]J. G. Gibbs, Y.-P. Zhao,;Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 163104 (2009) | |||
::::::::::>>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#1.3._Power_supply_for_rail-free_movement_by_using_platinum_catalytic_engine|Results]] | |||
<br><br> | |||
<div align = "right" style="padding-right:200px">[[#TOP|↑Page Top]]</div> | |||
<hr> | |||
==2.1. Power supply for high-speed movement with platinum catalytic engines== | |||
: By using highspeed camera, we studied how the catalytic engine produce the driving force.In this study, we had 3 inference. Driving force was<br> | |||
:*1.produced in concurrence with the generation of bubbles | |||
:*2.produced as the bubbles are destructed | |||
:*3.produced as the bubbles detach | |||
: To research these problems, we analyzed when the moving speed of platinum beads and the acceleration of that would change by using "Highspeed microscope VW-9000". | |||
::::::::::>>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#2.1._Power_supply_for_high-speed_movement_with_platinum_catalytic_engines|Results]] | |||
==3.1. Design of photoresponsive DNA== | |||
: We incorporated 4 azobenzene units into photoresponsive DNA<sup>[1]</sup> strand so that we can quickly dissociated DNA duplex. We called it as Photoresponsive DNA sequence S.[5'-AATXACXCCXAGXCC-3' (X=Azobenzene)] | |||
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|width=" | |width="150px"|[[Image:BIOMOD-TNJ-azobenzen5.png|left|150px]] | ||
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Photoresponsive DNA sequence S<br> | |||
*5’ -(HS)-AATxACxCCxAGxCC-3’ (x=azobenzene) | |||
1.We incorporated 4 azobenzene units into 11 bases DNA so that we can quickly dissociated DNA duplex. | |||
|width="150px"|[[Image:BIOMOD-TNJ-azobenzen7.png|left|150px]] | |||
|width=" | |||
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Photoresponsive DNA sequence S<sup>*<sup><br> | |||
*1. | *5’-(HS)-GGCTGGGTATT-3’ | ||
1.This 11 bases DNA are a complementary sequence of photoresponsive DNA sequence S. | |||
|} | |} | ||
< | : And then, we confirmed that photoresponsive DNA could hybridize stably. For verifying hybridization, we used the value of absorbance.<br> | ||
== | : In spectroscopy, a relational expression about absorbance can be expressed as follows. | ||
:[[Image:Math.png|center|200px]] | |||
: (Abs: absorbance, ε: the absorption coefficient, c: strength, d: length of a visual leg ) | |||
: The value of Abs is proportional to the concentration of corresponding materials. If photoresponsive DNA formed duplex, the concentration of ssDNA decrease, onthe other hand the concentration of dsDNA increase. Reserchin these corresponding values, we could determine whether they formed duplex or not.<br> | |||
:Reference | |||
:[1]Hiroyuki Asanuma, Xingguo Liang, Takayuki Yoshida, and Makoto Komiyama,;CHEMBIOCHEM 2, 39-44(2001) | |||
::::::::::>>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#3.1._Design_of_photoresponsive_DNA|Results]] | |||
==3.2. Directional control with photo-switchable DNA system== | |||
:{| | :{| | ||
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< | |||
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The duplex-forming activities of DNA can be photomodulated by incorporation of an azobenzene unit. The duplex is dissociated on isomerizing the trans-azobenzene to the cis form by irradiation with UV light. The duplex is formed again when the cis-azobenzene is converted to the transazobenzene by irradiation with visible light. <br> | The duplex-forming activities of DNA can be photomodulated by incorporation of an azobenzene unit<sup>[1]</sup>. The duplex is dissociated on isomerizing the trans-azobenzene to the cis form by irradiation with UV light. The duplex is formed again when the cis-azobenzene is converted to the transazobenzene by irradiation with visible light. <br> | ||
We inserted this function into a bead-body and add the photo-switching function to the body.In brief, so that we can detached the engines by irradiation with UV light, we attached a part of engines to the body with DNA duplex incorporating azobenzene unit. | We inserted this function into a bead-body and add the photo-switching function to the body.In brief, so that we can detached the engines by irradiation with UV light, we attached a part of engines to the body with DNA duplex incorporating azobenzene unit. | ||
|} | |} | ||
: We measured DNA absorbance and ascertain the duplex-forming and duplex-dissociation activities of photoswitcable DNA strands. As the ordered regions of stacked base pairs in the DNA duplex are dissociated, the UV absorbance increases. This difference in absorbance between the duplex and single strand state is the result of nearest neighbor base pair interactions. In other words, when the DNA is in the duplex state, interactions between base pairs decrease the UV absorbance relative to single strands. When the DNA is in the single strand state the interactions are much weaker,due to the decreased proximity, and the UV absorbance is higher than the duplex state. About this time, we analyze the rerationship between the time of dissociation photo-switcable DNA and the strength of the UV light. <br> | |||
:Reference | |||
:[1]Xingguo Liang,Hidenori Nishioka, Nobutaka Takenaka, and Hiroyuki Asanuma,;ChemBioChem 9, 702 – 705(2008) | |||
::::::::::>>back to [[Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results#3.2._ Directional_control_with_photo-switchable_DNA_system|Results]] | |||
<div align = "right" style="padding-right:20px">[[#TOP|↑Page Top]]</div><br> | |||
We measured DNA absorbance and ascertain the duplex-forming and duplex-dissociation activities of | |||
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} </style> </head> <BODY> <div id="biomodlink"> <<a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod">BIOMOD</a>|<a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2012">2012</a>|Titech Nano-Jugglers </div> <div id="header"> <div id="navigation"> <div id="menu"> <ul> <li><a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers"><br>Home<br><br></a></li> <li><a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Team/Students"><br>Team<br><br></a></li> <li><a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Project"><br>Project<br><br></a></li> <li><a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Results">Results<br>&<br>Methods</a></font></li> <li class="ach"><a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Achievements"><br>Achievements<br><br></a> <li class="sup"><a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Protocols"><br>Suppl. Info.<br><br></a></li> <li class="none"><a href="http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2012/Titech/Nano-Jugglers/Acknowledgement"><br>Acknowledgements<br><br></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </BODY> </html>
0.Construction of Biomolecular Rocket
In order to have a positional specificity, We made metal-deposited beads. Hemispherical part of polystyrene bead was covered with Cr, 1/4 part of spere was covered with Au and the other part was polystyrene. First, deposited Au on the half of polystyrene beads. Second, deposited Cr on the half of polystyrene beads.
Carboxyl (COOH) microparticles can be used for covalent coupling of proteins by activating the carboxyl group with water-soluble carbodiimide. The carbodiimide reacted with the carboxyl group to create an active ester that was reactive toward primary amines on the DNA.
When we mix thiol-modified DNA and Pt or Au, they will be self assembly. Thiol-modified DNA and Au or Pt are organized naturally. Using this characteristic, attached two kinds of DNA with Pt and bond another kind of DNA with Au.
Finally, we conjugated the catalyst to our rocket body by DNA hybridization. Complementary strand DNA had adhered to the corresponding parts of the rocket body, so it enabled to conjugate catalyst engines in that we designed these DNA were thermodynamically stable when they hybridized. we build our rocket in this way. |
<html><body><td align="center"><img src="http://openwetware.org/images/4/4d/Charts.jpg" border=0 width=250 height=550></a></td></body></html> |
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0.1. Selective coating of the body
<html><body><td align="center" width="150px"><img src="http://openwetware.org/images/4/44/BIOMODPVDM1.png" border=0 width=360 height=270></a></td></body></html> 1st Deposition
We deposit gold on the polystyrene-bead to make the body that have Au hemispherical area.
2nd Deposition
Next, We change the direction of beads, and deposit chromium on the body. Then we pick up polystyrene-bead, which are deposited by quarter gold and half chromium. By chromium capping, this "head part" is prevented to conjyugate DNA strands, so platinum only mounted at the rear.
Therefore, platinum particles can't conjugate onto chromium hemisphere. As a result, Biomolecular Rocket starts to move toward chromium hemisphere heading.
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0.2. Design of linker DNA strands
- We used DNA strands for bonding between a body of Biomolecular Rocket and platinum particles. DNA strands must be designed 4 DNA strands to hybridize at room temperature stably. DNA strands are categorize into two types, one type was a DNA strand for conjugation to polystyrene surface and its cDNA, and another type was a DNA strand for conjugation to gold surface and its cDNA. Each cDNA conjugated to platinum particles.
- In this section, we explain how we design DNA strands. There are three steps to design DNA strands, first step is selection of DNA strands , second step is adjustment of the number of bases and final step is design of cDNA strand. We used NUPACK[1] for these processes of DNA design. NUPACK is a software for the analysis and design of nucleic acid systems.
- First, we chosed DNA strands from a treatise[2]. In this step, we analyzed whether DNA could easily hybridize at room temperature stably. Then we selected two DNA strands. Secondly, we adjusted number of bases in order to make easily dissociated when they introduced photo-switching systems. Finally, we design c of each cDNA strands, and modify amino group and thiol group as necessary.
- Reference
- [1] NUPACK nucleic acid package. http://www.nupack.org/
- [2] Tetsuro Kitajima, Masahiro Takinoue, Ko-ichiroh Shohda, Akira Suyama. LNCS 4848, 119-129 (2008)
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0-3.DNA conjugation
0.3.1. Selective conjugation of DNA to polystyrene surface area
<html><body><td align="center" width="150px"><img src="http://openwetware.org/images/2/2c/BIOMODTNJEDAC.png" border=0 width=300 height=270></a></td></body></html> We bond polystyrene-beads with DNA using EDAC. EDAC is known as water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC) and is used as coupling agent to form amide bond. EDAC crosslinks nucleic acids to the surfaces, which have carboxy group. In this project, we used this method to conjugate amino-modified DNA onto carboxylated polystyrene-beads. EDAC reacted with carboxylated polystyrene-beads to form active intermediate on the body. Then it reacted to amino-modified DNA. The beads are coupled by nucleic acid. We divide the body into three parts including polystyrene surface, so it is possible to connect each DNA with position classification. By using this method, we were able to connect platinum to aircraft body part of polystyrene in a region-specific manner.
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0.3.2. Selective conjugation of DNA to metal surface area
<html><body><td align="center" width="150px"><img src="http://openwetware.org/images/0/01/BIOMODTNJSAM3.png" border=0 width=300 height=240></a></td></body></html> Self-assembled monolayers (SAM)[1],[2] of molecules are molecular assemblies formed spontaneously on substrate surfaces by chemical adsorption. This chemical reactions can be organized into large ordered domains and it is also possible to cover the substrate with functional end group that has some modification. In addition, few steps and experimental technique are required. SAMs are created by adsorption of head groups onto a substrate followed by a slow organization of tail groups.
First, head groups are absorbed onto substrate over . In this phase, the surface of substrate is patterned with spots by dsorbeate molecules rather than beautiful membranes.
- Over the period of disordering form, the head groups assemble together on the substrate, while the tail groups assemble far from the substrate. Areas of concentrated molecules nucleate and grow until the surface of the substrate is covered in a single monolayer.
<html><body><td align="center" width="150px"><img src="http://openwetware.org/images/4/48/Thiol_.jpg" border=0 width=300 height=240></a></td></body></html> SAM conjugation onto gold
Thiolated compound and gold substrate are one of the most famous research of SAMs[3]. Thiol modified DNA was conjugate to gold particles by this chemical reaction. Initially, substrate gold were cleaned by water or acid-base buffer in order to washout organic impurities. Gold particles were dissolved in 10mM phosphate buffer pH8, 10μM thiol modified DNA. Then in addition to NaCl, intended to raise the concentration of NaCl every 2 hours after 24 hours of incubation for 6 hours, then incubate more 16 hoursraise up to 0.7M salt concentration (Salt aging process).Last,clean up again by proper buffer and dry. This reaction was also used with platinum.
- Reference
- [1] A. Ulman, Chem Rev 96, 1533 (1996).
- [2] G. E. Poirier, Chem Rev 97, 1117 (1997).
- [3]Dmitri Y. Petrovykh,; Hiromi Kimura-Suda,; Aric Opdahl,; Lee J. Richter,; Michael J. Tarlov,; Lloyd J. Whitman.Langmuir 22, 2578-2587(2006)
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0.4. Catalyst attachment with DNA hybridization
<html><body><td align="center"><img src="http://openwetware.org/images/1/19/Conjugation_catalyst.jpg" border=0 width=300 height=240></a></td></body></html> We attached the catalyst to our rocket body with DNA hybridization. cDNA had adhered to the corresponding parts of the rocket body, so it enabled to attach catalyst engines in that we designed these DNA were thermodynamically stable when they hybridized.
First, we prepared DNA-conjugated 10 μm sized polystyrene beads which were deposited 1/4 Au and 1/2 Cr. At the same time we prepared DNA-conjugated 0.15-0.40 μm sized platinum particles. Then, mixed these materials in 3×SSC buffer at 90 °C, and cooled to room temperature slowly over time. Namely, annealing DNA by raising temperature at the first time, next make it easy to hybridize each other by downing to room temperature.
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1.1. DNA hybridization in solution of H2O2
- H2O2 has strong corrosion. There was a risk that DNA strand is denatured by H2O2[1]. So, we had to ensure that the hybridization of DNA is not suffer from H2O2. We guessed that if DNA had been destroyed, then molecular mass would decrease in that DNA can't hybridize. Visualizing the relative magnitude of the molecular weight by electrophoresis, we are able to examine whether DNA can hybridize or not.
- This time, we have to examine the state of the DNA in the time we need to steer rocket, set the time to soak and concentration of H2O2. We used PAGE electrophoresis to ascertain the stability of DNA duplex in thin H₂O₂ solution 1%-5%. PAGE electrophoresis shows the difference of molecular weight that comes from dissociation or hybridization in the form of bands.
- Reference
- [1]Natacha Driessens, Soetkin Versteyhe, Chiraz Ghaddhab, Agne`s Burniat, Xavier De Deken, Jacqueline Van Sande, Jacques-Emile Dumont, Franc¸oise Miot, Bernard Corvilain,Endocrine-Related Cancer 16 845–856(2009)
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1.2. Power supply for rail-free movement by using catalase catalytic engine
<html><body><td align="center" width="150px"><img src="http://openwetware.org/images/5/5a/Catalase_image.jpg" border=0 width=300 height=240></a></td></body></html> For supplying power of Biomolecular Rocket, we experimented with another catalytic engine[1],[2],[3]. Catalase is known as a enzyme that catalyzes the hydrogen peroxide solution. And we expected that this enzyme will be new catalytic engine of the Biomolecular Rocket because a enzyme activity of this enzyme is 100,000 times stronger than that of platinum. In this experiment, we deposited Au for half surface of polystyrene beads and catalase conjugated onto polystyrene side. In addition, we observed a behavior of the beads in diluted H2O2 solution.
- Reference
- [1]Javier Vicario, Rienk Eelkema, Wesley R. Browne, Auke Meetsma, Rene´ M. La Crois Ben,L. Feringa,;Chem. Commun, 3936–3938(2005)
- [2]Davide Pantarotto, Wesley R. Browne and Ben L. Feringa,;Chem. Commun. 1533–1535(2008)
- [3]Yosuke Yabe, Makiya Nishikawa, Ayumi Tamada, Yoshinobu Takakura, and Mitsuru Hashida,;JPET 289:1176–1184(1999)
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1.3. Power supply for rail-free movement by using platinum catalytic engine
- The driving force of Biomolecular Rocket is catalytic engine of platinum. This catalytic engine became more powerful[1],[2], increasing the surface of platinum. Biomolecular Rocket had numerous platinum particles to increase the surface of platinum. In this experiment, we deposited chromium to 1µm beads which are covered platinum and we make half platinum beads[3]. Then, we observed a behavior of the beads in 3% H2O2 solution. From this experiment, we are able to investigate whether Surface area of platinum was related to the speed.
- Reference
- [1]Rustem F. Ismagilov, Alexander Schwartz, Ned Bowden, George M. Whitesides.;Chem. Int. 652-654(2002)
- [2]Jonathan R. Howse, Richard A. L. Jones, Anthony J. Ryan, Tim Gough, Reza Vafabakhsh, Ramin Golestanian,;Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 048102 (2007)
- [3]J. G. Gibbs, Y.-P. Zhao,;Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 163104 (2009)
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2.1. Power supply for high-speed movement with platinum catalytic engines
- By using highspeed camera, we studied how the catalytic engine produce the driving force.In this study, we had 3 inference. Driving force was
- 1.produced in concurrence with the generation of bubbles
- 2.produced as the bubbles are destructed
- 3.produced as the bubbles detach
- To research these problems, we analyzed when the moving speed of platinum beads and the acceleration of that would change by using "Highspeed microscope VW-9000".
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3.1. Design of photoresponsive DNA
- We incorporated 4 azobenzene units into photoresponsive DNA[1] strand so that we can quickly dissociated DNA duplex. We called it as Photoresponsive DNA sequence S.[5'-AATXACXCCXAGXCC-3' (X=Azobenzene)]
Photoresponsive DNA sequence S
- 5’ -(HS)-AATxACxCCxAGxCC-3’ (x=azobenzene)
1.We incorporated 4 azobenzene units into 11 bases DNA so that we can quickly dissociated DNA duplex.
Photoresponsive DNA sequence S*
- 5’-(HS)-GGCTGGGTATT-3’
1.This 11 bases DNA are a complementary sequence of photoresponsive DNA sequence S.
- And then, we confirmed that photoresponsive DNA could hybridize stably. For verifying hybridization, we used the value of absorbance.
- In spectroscopy, a relational expression about absorbance can be expressed as follows.
- (Abs: absorbance, ε: the absorption coefficient, c: strength, d: length of a visual leg )
- The value of Abs is proportional to the concentration of corresponding materials. If photoresponsive DNA formed duplex, the concentration of ssDNA decrease, onthe other hand the concentration of dsDNA increase. Reserchin these corresponding values, we could determine whether they formed duplex or not.
- Reference
- [1]Hiroyuki Asanuma, Xingguo Liang, Takayuki Yoshida, and Makoto Komiyama,;CHEMBIOCHEM 2, 39-44(2001)
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3.2. Directional control with photo-switchable DNA system
<html><body><td align="center" width="150px"><img src="http://openwetware.org/images/7/74/Azoazo.jpg" border=0 width=300 height=240></a></td></body></html> The duplex-forming activities of DNA can be photomodulated by incorporation of an azobenzene unit[1]. The duplex is dissociated on isomerizing the trans-azobenzene to the cis form by irradiation with UV light. The duplex is formed again when the cis-azobenzene is converted to the transazobenzene by irradiation with visible light.
We inserted this function into a bead-body and add the photo-switching function to the body.In brief, so that we can detached the engines by irradiation with UV light, we attached a part of engines to the body with DNA duplex incorporating azobenzene unit.
- We measured DNA absorbance and ascertain the duplex-forming and duplex-dissociation activities of photoswitcable DNA strands. As the ordered regions of stacked base pairs in the DNA duplex are dissociated, the UV absorbance increases. This difference in absorbance between the duplex and single strand state is the result of nearest neighbor base pair interactions. In other words, when the DNA is in the duplex state, interactions between base pairs decrease the UV absorbance relative to single strands. When the DNA is in the single strand state the interactions are much weaker,due to the decreased proximity, and the UV absorbance is higher than the duplex state. About this time, we analyze the rerationship between the time of dissociation photo-switcable DNA and the strength of the UV light.
- Reference
- [1]Xingguo Liang,Hidenori Nishioka, Nobutaka Takenaka, and Hiroyuki Asanuma,;ChemBioChem 9, 702 – 705(2008)
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