BME494 Sp2014 Dhatt

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Background & Proposed Application BACKGROUND The synthetic system modeled in the “Construction of a genetic toggle switch In Escherichia coli” uses two different states, an “on” state” and an “off” state (Gardner et all 2000). The classical system uses two repressor and two promoter pairs in which both repressors are inhibited by a different inducer, aTc and IPTG. The promoters were placed next to the repressor gene of the opposite pair. This system represents a bistable gene-regulatory network where only one promoter can be expressed at one time because the expression of one promoter repressed expression of the other promoter. The on-state of the cell was represented by placing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transcription gene downstream of the on-state promoter. Classical Toggle Switch Design (Gardner et al, 2000) APPLICATION OF MY PROPOSED NEW DEVICE Diabetes mellitus, or diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which an individual has high blood sugar. Diabetes occurs due to the either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or because cells of the body do not respond to the insulin being produced. There are three types of diabetes: Type I, Type II, and gestational diabetes. Serious long-term complications of diabetes include heart disease, kidney failure, and damage to the eyes. Diabetes is a chronic disease and there is no known preventative measure for type I diabetes. Having awareness of the disease and treating it at early stages can prevent and lower the risk of complications in patients with diabetes. Patients with diabetes must maintain keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels within acceptable ranges. Globally, 227-285 million individuals have diabetes and about 90% of these individuals have Type II diabetes. In 2011, 1.4 million deaths occurred worldwide due to the result of diabetes making it the 8th leading cause of death. This number is estimated to double in the next 15 years, therefore, there is a need for a rapid diagnostic test. Design of a New Device The device will be designed as a diagnostic tool for diabetes and the functionality of the genetic switch replicates that of an “AND” logic gate. The device will require two conditions to be true in order for an output to be produced. One condition is that IPTG must be present in the device’s environment. When IPTG is present, it will bind to the LacI repressor and allow for transcription to continue. The other condition is that glucose levels in the device’s environment must be low. Glucose levels affect production of cAMP inversely; when glucose levels are high, cAMP production decreases and when glucose levels are low, cAMP production increases. cAMP binds to catabolite activator protein (CAP_ to form the CAP-cAMP complex. For the complex, cAMP must be present and glucose levels must be low. This complex is the required input of the device. In the natural lac operon, the CAP-cAMP complex leads to activation of gene expression from the lac operon. If glucose is present, cAMP levels will be low and the host will metabolize glucose if lactose is present. AND gate logic gene toggle switch. IPTG and low glucose levels conditions must be met in order for GFP production AND gate logic gene toggle switch. IPTG and low glucose levels conditions must be met in order for GFP production. Table describing that both inputs are needed in order to produce an output Table describing that both inputs are needed in order to produce an output. Building the New Device SYNTHETIC DNA LAYOUT Type IIs Assembly was used to build this lac switch. Type IIs Assembly allows for parts to be assembled in one step. For Type IIs Assembly, forward and reverse primers are needed to be created and placed in the system in order to create sticky ends that can bind various parts together. To put the pieces together, PCR is implemented, which allows all the parts to be replicated thousands of times in order to produce a desired final product. Digestion and ligation is used during which BsmBI cuts the DNA fragments and creates complementary overhangs that anneal via base pairing. Assembly of parts RESOURCES The following BioBrick parts, found on the iGEM registry website, will be used to build the new device: K418003 - composite Lac promoter inducible by IPTG • Size: 1416 base pairs • LacI present: transcription inhibited • LacI absent: transcription promoted • LacI inhibited by IPTG B0030 – Strong RBS • Size: 15 base pairs K259006 – Composite part made from green fluorescent protein (GFP) and double terminator • IPTG present: GFP produced • IPTG absent: GFP not produced, clear solution • Size: 823 base pairs pSB1A3 – BioBrick assembly plasmid • Size:2155 base pairs TYPE IIS ASSEMBLY PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) will be used for amplification of the DNA parts. PCR is the process of adding DNA, primers, nucleotides and DNA polymerase to a tube which produces system through assembly pot process after placed in a thermocycler and placed through many cycles. PCR consists of three specific temperature steps: denaturation, annealing, and elongation. Denaturation allows the DNA template to be heated to a specific temperature and yield single-stranded DNA molecules. The reaction temperature is then lowered for a short period of time in order to allow the complementary DNA primers to anneal to the single-stranded DNA template. The primers are then elongated by the DNA polymerase that is used. The DNA polymerase then allows for the cycle to be repeated multiple times resulting in thousands of copies of the desired fragments. Digestion/Ligation Reaction The digestion/ligation reaction allows for dilution the purified PCR products to volume of 20 ul. The digestion/ligation reaction uses BsmB1, a Type II restriction enzyme, which cuts DNA fragments to create complementary overhangs (sticky ends). These sticky ends anneal via DNA base pairs. Primers introduce these complementary overhangs to the DNA. T4 ligase is used to seal the gaps between base pairs and create a finished system. Primers The following primers will be used for the new device in order to introduce complementary overhangs and BsmBI cut sites. Forward Primer Vector: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCaactagtagcggccgct Reverse Primer Vector: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCatctagatgcggccgcg Forward Primer Composite Lac Promoter: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCatagattgacagctagctca Reverse Primer Composite Lac Promoter: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCatgtgtgtgctcagtatctt Forward Primer Operator: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCacaatacgcaaaccgc Reverse Primer Operator: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCatttctgtgtgaaattgtta Forward Primer RBS: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCattaaagaggagaaa Reverse Primer RBS: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCaaattttctcctctttaat Forward Primer GFP with terminator: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCaatgcgtaaaggagaa Reverse Primer GFP with terminator: 5'-cacaccaCGTCTCatagtaaataataaaaaagc Forward Primer for the mutation: 5’-agctgttgccGgtctcactgg Reverse Primer for the mutation: 5’-ccagtgagacCggcaacagct Reagents PCR Reagents: PCR Reagents Reagent Volume Template DNA 0.2 μL 1.0 uM Forward Primer 1.0 μL 1.0 uM Reverse Primer 1.0 μL 2x GoTaq Green Mix 25 μL H2O 22.8 μL TOTAL VOLUME 50 μL The PCR reagents used the following thermal cycling properties: 95°C, 3 min. [95°C, 15 sec; 55°C, 15 sec; 72°C, 30 sec] x30 72°C, 3 min. 4°C, ∞ Digestion/Ligation Reaction Reagents: Digestion/Ligation Reagents Reagent Assembly Negative Control PCR fragment 1 (vector) 1.0 μL 1.0 μL PCR fragment 2 1.0 μL None PCR fragment 3 1.0 μL None PCR fragment 4 1.0 μL None PCR fragment 5 1.0 μL None 10x T4 Ligase 0.25 μL 0.25 μL BsmB1 0.5 μL 0.5 μL H2O 4.25 μL 8.25 μL Total Volume 10 μL 10 μL The Digestion/Ligation reagents used the following thermal cycling properties: [45°C, 2 min.; 16°C, 5 min] x25 60°C, 10 min. 80°C, 20 min. 4°C, ∞ Testing the New Device LAC OPERON MODEL SIMULATION I used a model of the natural Lac operon to learn how changing the parameter values changes the behavior of the system. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LAC MODEL AND MY NEW DESIGN At an IPTG concentration of 0.25M, the figure shows that mRNA concentration decreased and at a concentration of 0.35M, the figure below shows that concentration of mRNA increased. Concentraion of Bgal increased over time as concentration of IPTG was increased. Similarities: The Lac operon is useful to the device since the device also uses LacI and can be useful to see how the different concentrations of IPTG affect the system. Differences: The Lac operon model does not take into account glucose levels, which is an important component of the device and the and-logic gate. A model that incorporates both Lactose and glucose levels in order to test the device. Human Practices Danger of Chemicals in Farmlands About the Designer Your Name My name is ###, and I am a ### majoring in ###. I am taking BME 494 because ###. An interesting fact about me is that ###. References [1] Full reference. [2] Full reference. [3] Full reference.