6.021/Notes/Equations
Diffusion
Fick's 1st law: [math]\displaystyle{ \phi(x,t)=-D\frac{\partial c(x,t)}{\partial x} }[/math]
Continuity: [math]\displaystyle{ -\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial c}{\partial t} }[/math]
Diffusion Equation: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial c}{\partial t} = D\frac{\partial^2 c}{\partial x^2} }[/math]
Solution of diffusion equation to impulse stimulus is Gaussian: [math]\displaystyle{ c(x,t)=\frac{n_0}{\sqrt{4\pi Dt}}e^{-x^2/(4Dt)} }[/math]
Time for half the solute to diffuse [math]\displaystyle{ x_{1/2} }[/math]: [math]\displaystyle{ t_{1/2}\approx\frac{x_{1/2}^2}{D} }[/math]
Fick's law for membranes: [math]\displaystyle{ \phi_n(t)=P_n(c_n^i(t)-c_n^o(t)) }[/math]; [math]\displaystyle{ P_n=\frac{D_nk_n}{d} }[/math]
Membrane steady state time constant: [math]\displaystyle{ \tau_{ss}=\frac{d^2}{\pi^2 D} }[/math]
Solution for dissolve and diffuse: [math]\displaystyle{ c_n^i(t)=c_n^i(\infty)+(c_n^i(0)-c_n^i(\infty))e^{-t/\tau_{eq}} }[/math]; [math]\displaystyle{ c_n^i(\infty) = \frac{N_n}{V_i+V_o}, \tau_{eq}=\frac{1}{AP(1/V_i+1/V_o)} }[/math]
Osmosis
Van't Hoff Law: [math]\displaystyle{ \pi(x,t)= RTC_\Sigma(x,t) }[/math]
Darcy's Law: [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_V(x,t)= -\kappa\frac{\partial p}{\partial x} }[/math]
Continuity: [math]\displaystyle{ -\rho_m\frac{\partial \Phi_V}{\partial x} = 0 }[/math]
Hydraulic conductivity: [math]\displaystyle{ L_V = \frac{\kappa}{d} }[/math]
Flux: [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_V = L_V((p^i-\pi^i)-(p^o-\pi^o)) }[/math]
Cells: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{dV^i}{dt} = -A(t)\Phi_V }[/math] with solution [math]\displaystyle{ v_c(\infty) = v_c' + \frac{N^i_\Sigma}{C^o_\Sigma} }[/math]
Carrier Transport
Solution to simple symmetric 4-state carrier model:
[math]\displaystyle{ \mathfrak{N}^i_{ES}=\frac{\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\frac{c^i_s}{c^i_s+K}\mathfrak{N}_{ET} }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \mathfrak{N}^i_{E}=\frac{\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\frac{K}{c^i_s+K}\mathfrak{N}_{ET} }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \mathfrak{N}^o_{ES}=\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+\beta}\frac{c^o_s}{c^o_s+K}\mathfrak{N}_{ET} }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \mathfrak{N}^o_{E}=\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+\beta}\frac{K}{c^o_s+K}\mathfrak{N}_{ET} }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \phi_s=(\phi_s)_{max}(\frac{c^i_s}{c^i_s+K}-\frac{c^o_s}{c^o_s+K}) }[/math]; [math]\displaystyle{ (\phi_s)_{max}=\frac{\alpha\beta}{\alpha+\beta}\mathfrak{N}_{ET} }[/math]
Electrodiffusion
Nernst-Planck Equation: [math]\displaystyle{ J_n = -z_nFD_n\frac{\partial c_n}{\partial x}-u_nz_n^2F^2c_n\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial x} }[/math]
Einstein's relation: [math]\displaystyle{ D_n=u_nRT }[/math]
Continuity: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial J_n}{\partial x} = -z_nF\frac{\partial c_n}{\partial t} }[/math]
Poisson's Equation: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial x^2} = -\frac{1}{\epsilon}\sum_n z_nFc_n(x,t) }[/math]
Membranes
[math]\displaystyle{ J_n = G_n (V_m-V_n) }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ G_n = \frac{1}{\int_0^d{\frac{dx}{u_nz_n^2F^2c_n(x)}}} }[/math] (electrical conductivity)
Nernst potential: [math]\displaystyle{ V_n=\frac{RT}{z_nF}{\rm ln}\frac{c^o_n}{c^i_n} \approx \frac{60 {\rm mV}}{z_n}{\rm log}\frac{c^o_n}{c^i_n} }[/math]
Cells
[math]\displaystyle{ G_m=\sum_n G_n }[/math]
Resting membrane potential: [math]\displaystyle{ V_m^o = \sum_n \frac{G_n}{G_m}V_n }[/math]
Resting potential with active pumps: [math]\displaystyle{ V_m^o = \sum_n \frac{G_n}{G_m}V_n - \frac{1}{G_m}\sum_n J_n^a }[/math]
Core conductor model
[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial I_i(z,x)}{\partial z}=-K_m(z,t) }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial I_o(z,x)}{\partial z}=K_m(z,t)-K_e(z,t) }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial V_i(z,t)}{\partial z}=-r_iI_i(z,t) }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial V_o(z,t)}{\partial z}=-r_oI_o(z,t) }[/math]
THE core conductor equation: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial^2 V_m(z,t)}{\partial z^2}=(r_o+r_i)K_m(z,t)-r_oK_e(z,t) }[/math]
wave equation: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial^2 V_m(z,t)}{\partial z^2}=\frac{1}{\nu^2}\frac{\partial^2 V_m(z,t)}{\partial t^2} }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \nu = \sqrt{\frac{C}{(r_o+r_i)2\pi a}} }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \nu = \sqrt{\frac{Ca}{2\rho}} \propto \sqrt{a} }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ v_o(z)=-\frac{r_o}{r_o+r_i}(v_m(z) - V_m^o) }[/math]
Hodgkin-Huxley
[math]\displaystyle{ G_{K}(V_m,t) = \overline{G_K} n^4(V_m,t) }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ G_{Na}(V_m,t) = \overline{G_{Na}} m^3(V_m,t)h(V_m,t) }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ n(V_m,t) + \tau_n(V_m)\frac{dn(V_m,t)}{dt} = n_\infty(V_m) }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ m(V_m,t) + \tau_m(V_m)\frac{dm(V_m,t)}{dt} = m_\infty(V_m) }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ h(V_m,t) + \tau_h(V_m)\frac{dh(V_m,t)}{dt} = h_\infty(V_m) }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ x_\infty=\frac{\alpha_x}{\alpha_x+\beta_x}, \tau_x=\frac{1}{\alpha_x+\beta_x} }[/math]
Cable model
[math]\displaystyle{ J_m = C_m\frac{dV_m}{dt}+G_m(V_m-V_m^o) }[/math]
Cable Equation: [math]\displaystyle{ v_m+\tau_m\frac{\partial v_m}{\partial t}-\lambda_c^2\frac{\partial^2v_m}{\partial z^2}=r_o\lambda_c^2K_e }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \tau_m=\frac{c_m}{g_m} }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \lambda_c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{g_m(r_o+r_i)}} }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ v_m = V_m - V_m^o }[/math]
Steady state solution of cable equation to impulse stimulus: [math]\displaystyle{ v_m(z) = \frac{r_o\lambda_c}{2}I_e e^{-|z|/\lambda_c} }[/math]
Dynamics: [math]\displaystyle{ v_m(z,t)=w(z,t) e^{-t/\tau_m} }[/math] where [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial w}{\partial t} = \frac{\lambda_c^2}{\tau_m} \frac{\partial^2 w}{\partial z^2} }[/math] (Diffusion equation with [math]\displaystyle{ D=\frac{\lambda_c^2}{\tau_m} }[/math])
Ion channels
[math]\displaystyle{ I = \gamma (V_m-V_n) }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ E[\tilde{s}(t)] = x }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ E[\tilde{g}(t)]=\gamma x=g }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ E[\tilde{i}(t)]= g(V_m - V_n) }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ G = \frac{N}{A} g }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ J = \frac{N}{A} g(V_m-V_n) }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ x(t) = x_\infty+(x(0)-x_\infty)e^{-t/\tau_x}, \tau_x=\frac{1}{\alpha+\beta}, x_\infty=\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+\beta} }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \tilde{i}_g = \frac{d}{dt}\tilde{q}_g }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ i_g = E[\tilde{i}_g] = Q\frac{dx}{dt} }[/math]
