2020(S09) Lecture:week 4: Difference between revisions

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==Challenge: <font color = blue>Backyard Biology</font color>==
==Challenge: <font color = blue>Backyard Biology</font color>==
===Part 1: Cookin' up some DNA in your kitchen===
===Part 1: Cookin' up some DNA in your kitchen===
#Pour ~50 ml of water into a small white cup
This protocol is from [http://www.exploratorium.edu/ti/who_we_are/staff_bios.html| Karen Kalumuck] at San Franscisco's [http://www.exploratorium.edu/index.html| Exploratorium]<br>Another variation can be found on the University of Utah's [http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/howto/ Learn.Genetics] site.
#Add 1 tsp wheat germ and mix with a coffee stirrer for 3 minutes
=====Materials=====
#Add one glop of liquid soap
*Frozen Strawberries
#Mix a little bit every 1 minute for 5 minutes
*Seal-able plastic "baggies" (sandwich and gallon)
#Add 1/4 tsp meat tenderizer and mix
*No 2 Coffee Filters
#Add 1/2 tsp baking soda and mix
*6% solution of NaCl (dissolve 1/2 tablespoon salt in 1/2 cup water) 
#Allow the slurry to settle and pour some of the top liquid into a clear cup
*25% strength liquid dish soap (1 part liquid soap into 3 parts water)
#Dribble some rubbing alcohol down the side of the cup so it sits on top of but does not mix with the wheat germ liquid
*Eye droppers
#Over the next 5 minutes watch to see what happens at the interface between the wheat germ liquid and the rubbing alcohol
*70% Isopropanol
#Try to spool or scoop out some of the goop with a paper clip hook or eyedropper
*Toothpicks or coffee stirrer
=====Steps=====
#Obtain 2 small to medium sized strawberries
#Place them in a sandwich-sized seal-able plastic baggie.
# Add about 1/2 a cup of the 6% NaCl solution, and seal the bag.
#Squash the strawberry in the salt solution thoroughly, while it's in the baggie.  Try to break up large pieces of berry into mush.
#Add about 2 tablespoons of the detergent solution.  Seal the baggie and gently mix the berry mush with the detergent.  Avoid producing bubbles/foam.
#Optional clean up step: Put the entire extraction (strawberry goo, salt, detergent) through a filter -- coffee filter over a cup is just fine.  This gets rid of a lot of the stringy strawberry goo, and the extraction is cleaner. Place the cleaned up material that passes through the filter into a new baggie. 
#Hold the baggie by one of the upper corners so that the mush accumulates in a corner of the baggie.  Use a pipette or dropper to gently trickle down about 10 - 20 ml of alcohol down a side crease of the baggie.  The alcohol should layer onto the surface of the mush. Hold the bag still (or VERY gently rock back and forth) for 1 minute.
#Observe what's happening at the interface.  You should use a coffee stirrer to "spool" up the material at the interface, to save for next time.


===Part 2: Lego™phoresis===
===Part 2: Lego™phoresis===
Line 59: Line 67:
[[Image:lego4.png|300px|right|thumb|Once gel has solidified, remove Lego™s, tape and add DNA with glycerin/red food coloring]]
[[Image:lego4.png|300px|right|thumb|Once gel has solidified, remove Lego™s, tape and add DNA with glycerin/red food coloring]]
<br style="clear:both" />
<br style="clear:both" />
=='''Homework''' before tomorrow's studio session==
=='''Homework''' before tomorrow's studio session==
You can find the term "biohacking" and "DIYbio" (for "Do It Yourself Biology) increasingly tossed into conversations and presentations. There are examples ranging from [http://www.aboutus.org/BioHackery.com "how to" websites] to an [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/comm-vestspeech-0608.html MIT commencement address.] Begin your follow-up work from today's lecture by '''reading Freeman Dyson's 2007 New York Times article''' in which he writes about [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20370 "our biotech future."]  He foresees a domestication of biotechnology that will dominate our lives for the next 50 years. He foresees an "era of Open Source biology (in which) the magic of genes will be available to anyone with the skill and imagination to use it."  
You can find the term "biohacking" and "DIYbio" (for "Do It Yourself Biology) increasingly tossed into conversations and presentations. There are examples ranging from [http://www.aboutus.org/BioHackery.com "how to" websites] to an [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/comm-vestspeech-0608.html MIT commencement address.] Begin your follow-up work from today's lecture by '''reading Freeman Dyson's 2007 New York Times article''' in which he writes about [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20370 "our biotech future."]  He foresees a domestication of biotechnology that will dominate our lives for the next 50 years. He foresees an "era of Open Source biology (in which) the magic of genes will be available to anyone with the skill and imagination to use it."  
Line 65: Line 74:
*Are there speed, safety, and training considerations?  
*Are there speed, safety, and training considerations?  
*Do you expect to see garage biotechnologists in your lifetime? Do they already exist? Should they?
*Do you expect to see garage biotechnologists in your lifetime? Do they already exist? Should they?
Decide for yourself if biohacking is '''confirmed, plausible or busted''' and write-up your reflections on the today's challenge, Freemon Dyson's vision and what you imagine the DIYbio movement will look like in 2 years or in 20. Your paragraph can be added to your "Personal Design Portfolio" in the [http://openwetware.org/wiki/Special:DropBox the homework dropbox.] before tomorrow's studio session, calling your assignment: FirstInitial_LastName_PDP_6.doc, for example: <font color = red>J_Watson_PDP_6.doc</font color> <br>
Decide for yourself if biohacking is '''confirmed, plausible or busted''' and write-up your reflections. You might include thoughts on today's challenge, on Freemon Dyson's vision, on what you imagine the DIYbio movement will look like in 2 years or in 20. Your paragraph can be added to your "Personal Design Portfolio" in the [https://stellar.mit.edu/S/course/20/sp09/20.020/homework/index.html homework dropbox] before tomorrow's studio session, calling your assignment: FirstInitial_LastName_PDP_7.doc, for example: <font color = red>J_Watson_PDP_7.doc</font color> <br>


=<center>Week 4 Studio</center>=
=<center>Week 4 Studio</center>=
Line 78: Line 87:
As you develop your ideas, you might also want to keep in mind the requirements for your [http://openwetware.org/wiki/20.020:_3_ideas_presentation "3 ideas presentations"] that will take place in two weeks. Think about what you will have to present, and how you would like to present it. Maybe the work could/should be divided up or maybe you need to hash out ideas on the spot together. You will use the time today and all of next week studio time to make real progress on these high level questions about your project.
As you develop your ideas, you might also want to keep in mind the requirements for your [http://openwetware.org/wiki/20.020:_3_ideas_presentation "3 ideas presentations"] that will take place in two weeks. Think about what you will have to present, and how you would like to present it. Maybe the work could/should be divided up or maybe you need to hash out ideas on the spot together. You will use the time today and all of next week studio time to make real progress on these high level questions about your project.
===Team Contract===  
===Team Contract===  
These team building tools have been developed by [http://engineering.mit.edu/education/special_programs/gordon.php| MIT's Gordon Engineering Leadership Program,] appreciating that teamwork and leadership underlie nearly all successful engineering projects. 
<br>
<br>
 
Start by reading (independently) [[Media:PhilipsArticlemember of a team.pdf| this short article]] by Patricia Philips that describes the different kinds of teams that exist and some common stages that teams go through. Once everyone has finished reading, discuss the article as a group, paying particular attention to team and individual roles and responsibilities as they may relate to your particular project and team.<br>
Before you leave today, upload your Team Facebook Page and your Team Contract to "Project Development Notebook" in the [http://openwetware.org/wiki/Special:DropBox the homework dropbox.], calling your assignments: TeamName_PDN_1.doc and TeamName_PDN_2.doc, for example: <font color = red>EauDcoli_PDN_1.doc</font color> <br>
Then as a team, work through the following questions in order to form your team contract. You can work through the questions fast or slow, all of them or just a few. After considering these questions, write a team contract that you can all agree to work with for the rest of this term.
====Questions To Consider To Create a Team Contract====
These questions have been adapted from Lori Breslow's work at MIT for the subject, 15.279.
=====Part 1: Goals=====
*What are the goals of the team?
*What are your personal goals for this assignment?
*What kind of obstacles might you encounter in reaching your goals?
*What happens if all of you decide you want to get an “A,” but because of time constraints, one person decides that a “B” will be acceptable?
*Is it acceptable for two or three team members to do more work in order to get an “A” ?
=====Part 2: Meeting Norms=====
*Do you have a preference for when meetings will be held? Did you have a preference for where they should be held?
*How often do you think the team will need to meet outside of class? How long do you anticipate meetings will be?
*Will it be O.K. for team members to eat during meetings?
=====Part 3: Work Norms=====
*How much time per week do you anticipate it will take to make the project successful?
*How will work be distributed?
*How will deadlines be set?
*How will you decide who should do which tasks?
*What will happen if someone does not follow through on a commitment (e.g., missing a deadline, not showing up to meetings)?
*How will the work be reviewed?
*What happens if people have different opinions on the quality of the work?
*What will you do if one or more team members are not doing their share of the work?
*How will you deal with different work habits of individual team members (e.g., some people like to get assignments done as early as possible; others like to work under the pressure of a deadline)?
=====Part 4: Decision Making=====
*Do you need 100% approval of each team member before making a decision?
*What will you do if one of you fixates on a particular idea? <br>
Before you leave today, upload your Team Facebook Page and your Team Contract to the "Project Development Notebook" in the [https://stellar.mit.edu/S/course/20/sp09/20.020/homework/index.html homework dropbox], calling your assignments: TeamName_PDN_1.doc and TeamName_PDN_2.doc, for example: <font color = red>EauDcoli_PDN_1.doc</font color>  
'''Please make sure that every member of your team has a copy of the Facebook Page and the Team Contract.'''


=<center>Week 4 Thursday</center>=
=<center>Week 4 Thursday</center>=
Line 92: Line 129:
**1/4 tsp glycerine/glycerol
**1/4 tsp glycerine/glycerol
**a few drops red food coloring
**a few drops red food coloring
**DNA you isolated from wheatgerm
**DNA you isolated from strawberries
*remaining running buffer from part 1
*remaining running buffer from part 1
*9V batteries
*9V batteries
*Aquarium antimicrobial (ideally 2.3% methylene blue diluted 1:100 in bottled water) to stain DNA in gel after run
*Aquarium antimicrobial (ideally 2.3% methylene blue diluted 1:100 in bottled water) to stain DNA in gel after run
[[Image:Legophoresis.png|300px|thumb|center| 9V batteries in series to power DNA through the gel]]
[[Image:Legophoresis.png|300px|thumb|center| 9V batteries in series to power DNA through the gel]]
=='''Homework''' for Tuesday's challenge session==
There are three short parts to this assignment and you should '''spend no more than 1 hour''' reading the chapter by Charles Weiner that was photocopied from the "Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology," and then answering these questions.
*'''Part 1: What is recombinant DNA?'''<br>
To illustrate your understanding of genetic engineering techniques, describe how you might make the DNA that programs the GloFish shown [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA here][[Image:250px-GloFish.jpg|thumb| image of GloFish from Wikipedia entry about Recombinant DNA]]. Call the gene for glowing "GFG" and the fish plasmid "pFP."
*'''Part 2: Key events for regulation of experiments involving recombinant DNA'''<br>
Concisely describe the relevance/importance of
**1973 Gordon Conference
**1974 Berg letters in Nature and Science
**1975 Conference in Asilomar
**Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee
All of these are described in Charles Weiner's chapter that you were given.
*'''Part 3: Public scrutiny of and say in research decisions'''
Consider these three quotes and then
**give your idea(s) about how to best engage the public in the scientific enterprise
**comment on '''one''' author's viewpoint or agenda, as best you can glean from the short quote
**and finally say if you think the publication was an appropriate places to express that author's viewpoint
'''Quote 1:''' from pg 910 of Encyclopedia chapter (above) "The motive from the start was to avoid public interference and to demonstrate that the scientists on their own could protect laboratory workers, the public and the environment."<br>
'''Quote 2:''' from [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/DJ/B/B/H/F/ Open Letter to the Asilomar Conference] written by Science for the People "There is little evidence that the technologies being discussed at this meeting arise from social or medical needs of large segments of the population. Rather, they represent specialized interests including those of the scientific community itself."<br>
'''Quote 3:''' from [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/72/6/1981?ck=nck Summary Statement of the Asilomar Conference] written by Paul Berg et al and published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science "In the longer term, serious problems may arise in the large scale application of this methodology in industry, medicine and agriculture. But it was also recognized that further research and experience may show that many of the potential biohazards are less serious and/or less probable than we now suspect."
{| cellspacing="2"
|- valign="top"
|width="670px" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #336600; color: #000; background-color: #FFFFFF"|
<div style="padding: .4em .9em .9em">
<center>'''Why are we doing this??'''</center>
This homework assignment serves three important purposes for our class. First, it provides some context for the upcoming video presentation of the 1974 Cambridge City Council Hearings. These hearings enabled the citizens of Cambridge to directly address the scientists themselves and question the intent and efficacy of national safety guidelines for recombinant DNA work. The video was made available to us by Charles Weiner and it will be shown on Tuesday in class. Second, this chapter will give some timeline for the development of recombinant DNA technology itself as well as for the meetings and hearings that addressed its hazards. Finally, this chapter gives some insight into the polarizing viewpoints and biases inherent in many of the discussions associated with these issues.
</div>
|}
When you have completed this three part assignment, please upload your response to your "Personal Design Portfolio" in the [https://stellar.mit.edu/S/course/20/sp09/20.020/homework/index.html homework dropbox], calling your assignment: FirstInitial_LastName_PDP_8.doc, for example: <font color = red>D_Baltimore_PDP_8.doc</font color> <br>

Latest revision as of 09:09, 25 February 2009

<html> <style>#en2020 a {color:black;}</style> </html>

Week 4 Tuesday

"The new techniques, which permit combination of genetic information from very different organisms, place us in an area of biology with many unknowns."
Summary Statement of the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules
Berg et al PNAS 1975 72:1981.

Starting today and continuing into the next two weeks, we'll consider intentional manipulation of DNA. During this time we'll consider some of the scientific advances that have enabled genetic engineering. For instance, almost any string of genetic material can now be reliably re-ordered. Additionally, the cross-species barriers to DNA transfer have been reduced to a point that its now commonplace to get a gene of interest expressed in an organism even when that gene came from a wholly different critter. These feats would have seemed like science fiction just 50 years ago when Watson and Crick published the double helical structure for DNA. And just as a replication mechanism did not escape Watson and Crick's attention when they described DNA's structure, the potential for positive and negative outcomes from recombinant DNA techniques did not escape anyone's notice when these techniques were developing. Everyone took notice: the scientists involved, the government oversight groups, the media and the public. As a class, we will consider some of the ethical, legal and policy issues that arose with the advent of recombinant DNA technology. But today we'll step back and consider the DNA material itself.
  • Is DNA (the physical material) inherently dangerous?
  • What makes it (or could make it) dangerous?
  • How can you tell if it’s dangerous?
  • Are there special places that DNA (the physical material) should be kept?
  • Are there rules that can be enforced about its manipulation?
Why are we doing this??

If you've spent time in a research lab, there's a good chance you've worked with DNA there. But is that the only place DNA can be manipulated? What if the techniques and facilities for manipulating DNA were available to everyone? What if they already are? If you've never spent time working with DNA, then you're in for a treat. Today you'll isolate and purify some DNA using materials found in most any kitchen or garage. And from this challenge, you'll be better able to judge the capabilities and possibilities of "amateur bioengineering."

Challenge: Backyard Biology

Part 1: Cookin' up some DNA in your kitchen

This protocol is from Karen Kalumuck at San Franscisco's Exploratorium
Another variation can be found on the University of Utah's Learn.Genetics site.

Materials
  • Frozen Strawberries
  • Seal-able plastic "baggies" (sandwich and gallon)
  • No 2 Coffee Filters
  • 6% solution of NaCl (dissolve 1/2 tablespoon salt in 1/2 cup water)
  • 25% strength liquid dish soap (1 part liquid soap into 3 parts water)
  • Eye droppers
  • 70% Isopropanol
  • Toothpicks or coffee stirrer
Steps
  1. Obtain 2 small to medium sized strawberries
  2. Place them in a sandwich-sized seal-able plastic baggie.
  3. Add about 1/2 a cup of the 6% NaCl solution, and seal the bag.
  4. Squash the strawberry in the salt solution thoroughly, while it's in the baggie. Try to break up large pieces of berry into mush.
  5. Add about 2 tablespoons of the detergent solution. Seal the baggie and gently mix the berry mush with the detergent. Avoid producing bubbles/foam.
  6. Optional clean up step: Put the entire extraction (strawberry goo, salt, detergent) through a filter -- coffee filter over a cup is just fine. This gets rid of a lot of the stringy strawberry goo, and the extraction is cleaner. Place the cleaned up material that passes through the filter into a new baggie.
  7. Hold the baggie by one of the upper corners so that the mush accumulates in a corner of the baggie. Use a pipette or dropper to gently trickle down about 10 - 20 ml of alcohol down a side crease of the baggie. The alcohol should layer onto the surface of the mush. Hold the bag still (or VERY gently rock back and forth) for 1 minute.
  8. Observe what's happening at the interface. You should use a coffee stirrer to "spool" up the material at the interface, to save for next time.

Part 2: Lego™phoresis

Cast your gel

This design is a variation of the one shown in MAKE magazine, volume 07

Materials
  • small plastic container
  • scissors
  • masking tape
  • legos
  • agar-agar
  • running buffer
    • 500 ml bottled water
    • pinch of table salt
    • 1/4 tsp baking soda
    • Aquarium pH kit to check pH ~7.5
    • adjust with more water or baking soda as needed
  • microwave

Note: you'll cast your gel this time and run the DNA through it next time.

Design
Cut ends off small container and tape closed
Arrange Lego™s for casting wells
Melt 1/2 tablespoon agar-agar with 1/2 cup running buffer in a paper cup and pour gel ~1cm thick. Lego™ casting wells should be embedded in agar-agar while liquid but not touch bottom of container. You might consider resting the casting tray in a larger container in case the tape leaks.
Once gel has solidified, remove Lego™s, tape and add DNA with glycerin/red food coloring


Homework before tomorrow's studio session

You can find the term "biohacking" and "DIYbio" (for "Do It Yourself Biology) increasingly tossed into conversations and presentations. There are examples ranging from "how to" websites to an MIT commencement address. Begin your follow-up work from today's lecture by reading Freeman Dyson's 2007 New York Times article in which he writes about "our biotech future." He foresees a domestication of biotechnology that will dominate our lives for the next 50 years. He foresees an "era of Open Source biology (in which) the magic of genes will be available to anyone with the skill and imagination to use it." Based on your backyard biology experience today, what do you think of the present and future possibilities of biohacking? As a point of comparison you might consider the hacking of the iPhone. Here are some other questions you might consider as you think about this topic:

  • Who can hack computers and who can hack biology?
  • Are there speed, safety, and training considerations?
  • Do you expect to see garage biotechnologists in your lifetime? Do they already exist? Should they?

Decide for yourself if biohacking is confirmed, plausible or busted and write-up your reflections. You might include thoughts on today's challenge, on Freemon Dyson's vision, on what you imagine the DIYbio movement will look like in 2 years or in 20. Your paragraph can be added to your "Personal Design Portfolio" in the homework dropbox before tomorrow's studio session, calling your assignment: FirstInitial_LastName_PDP_7.doc, for example: J_Watson_PDP_7.doc

Week 4 Studio

Part 1: Nip and Tuck

In today's studio, project teams will be assigned. These teams are loosely grouped around common interests, be they project areas or project approaches. Once you have assembled into your groups, be sure to introduce yourselves, exchange contact information and figure out which interests landed you on the same team. Then you can use the rest of the studio time to work on your team's "facebook" page and your "team contract." The required content for each is:

Team Facebook Page

  • a name for your team
  • the names of your team members
  • the names of your team mentors (20.902 students who will be the go-to folks for questions and guidance on your project)
  • what challenge your team will address
  • what ideas you have agreed to work on (at least 3, no more than 5)

As you develop your ideas, you might also want to keep in mind the requirements for your "3 ideas presentations" that will take place in two weeks. Think about what you will have to present, and how you would like to present it. Maybe the work could/should be divided up or maybe you need to hash out ideas on the spot together. You will use the time today and all of next week studio time to make real progress on these high level questions about your project.

Team Contract

These team building tools have been developed by MIT's Gordon Engineering Leadership Program, appreciating that teamwork and leadership underlie nearly all successful engineering projects.
Start by reading (independently) this short article by Patricia Philips that describes the different kinds of teams that exist and some common stages that teams go through. Once everyone has finished reading, discuss the article as a group, paying particular attention to team and individual roles and responsibilities as they may relate to your particular project and team.
Then as a team, work through the following questions in order to form your team contract. You can work through the questions fast or slow, all of them or just a few. After considering these questions, write a team contract that you can all agree to work with for the rest of this term.

Questions To Consider To Create a Team Contract

These questions have been adapted from Lori Breslow's work at MIT for the subject, 15.279.

Part 1: Goals
  • What are the goals of the team?
  • What are your personal goals for this assignment?
  • What kind of obstacles might you encounter in reaching your goals?
  • What happens if all of you decide you want to get an “A,” but because of time constraints, one person decides that a “B” will be acceptable?
  • Is it acceptable for two or three team members to do more work in order to get an “A” ?
Part 2: Meeting Norms
  • Do you have a preference for when meetings will be held? Did you have a preference for where they should be held?
  • How often do you think the team will need to meet outside of class? How long do you anticipate meetings will be?
  • Will it be O.K. for team members to eat during meetings?
Part 3: Work Norms
  • How much time per week do you anticipate it will take to make the project successful?
  • How will work be distributed?
  • How will deadlines be set?
  • How will you decide who should do which tasks?
  • What will happen if someone does not follow through on a commitment (e.g., missing a deadline, not showing up to meetings)?
  • How will the work be reviewed?
  • What happens if people have different opinions on the quality of the work?
  • What will you do if one or more team members are not doing their share of the work?
  • How will you deal with different work habits of individual team members (e.g., some people like to get assignments done as early as possible; others like to work under the pressure of a deadline)?
Part 4: Decision Making
  • Do you need 100% approval of each team member before making a decision?
  • What will you do if one of you fixates on a particular idea?

Before you leave today, upload your Team Facebook Page and your Team Contract to the "Project Development Notebook" in the homework dropbox, calling your assignments: TeamName_PDN_1.doc and TeamName_PDN_2.doc, for example: EauDcoli_PDN_1.doc Please make sure that every member of your team has a copy of the Facebook Page and the Team Contract.

Week 4 Thursday

Challenge: Making Biology Easier to Engineer

FooCamper's Guide

Optional Challenge: Lego™phoresis (con't)

Materials

  • steel wire
  • large plastic container
  • loading buffer
    • 1/4 tsp glycerine/glycerol
    • a few drops red food coloring
    • DNA you isolated from strawberries
  • remaining running buffer from part 1
  • 9V batteries
  • Aquarium antimicrobial (ideally 2.3% methylene blue diluted 1:100 in bottled water) to stain DNA in gel after run
9V batteries in series to power DNA through the gel

Homework for Tuesday's challenge session

There are three short parts to this assignment and you should spend no more than 1 hour reading the chapter by Charles Weiner that was photocopied from the "Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Biotechnology," and then answering these questions.

  • Part 1: What is recombinant DNA?
To illustrate your understanding of genetic engineering techniques, describe how you might make the DNA that programs the GloFish shown here
image of GloFish from Wikipedia entry about Recombinant DNA
. Call the gene for glowing "GFG" and the fish plasmid "pFP."
  • Part 2: Key events for regulation of experiments involving recombinant DNA

Concisely describe the relevance/importance of

    • 1973 Gordon Conference
    • 1974 Berg letters in Nature and Science
    • 1975 Conference in Asilomar
    • Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee

All of these are described in Charles Weiner's chapter that you were given.

  • Part 3: Public scrutiny of and say in research decisions

Consider these three quotes and then

    • give your idea(s) about how to best engage the public in the scientific enterprise
    • comment on one author's viewpoint or agenda, as best you can glean from the short quote
    • and finally say if you think the publication was an appropriate places to express that author's viewpoint

Quote 1: from pg 910 of Encyclopedia chapter (above) "The motive from the start was to avoid public interference and to demonstrate that the scientists on their own could protect laboratory workers, the public and the environment."
Quote 2: from Open Letter to the Asilomar Conference written by Science for the People "There is little evidence that the technologies being discussed at this meeting arise from social or medical needs of large segments of the population. Rather, they represent specialized interests including those of the scientific community itself."
Quote 3: from Summary Statement of the Asilomar Conference written by Paul Berg et al and published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science "In the longer term, serious problems may arise in the large scale application of this methodology in industry, medicine and agriculture. But it was also recognized that further research and experience may show that many of the potential biohazards are less serious and/or less probable than we now suspect."

Why are we doing this??

This homework assignment serves three important purposes for our class. First, it provides some context for the upcoming video presentation of the 1974 Cambridge City Council Hearings. These hearings enabled the citizens of Cambridge to directly address the scientists themselves and question the intent and efficacy of national safety guidelines for recombinant DNA work. The video was made available to us by Charles Weiner and it will be shown on Tuesday in class. Second, this chapter will give some timeline for the development of recombinant DNA technology itself as well as for the meetings and hearings that addressed its hazards. Finally, this chapter gives some insight into the polarizing viewpoints and biases inherent in many of the discussions associated with these issues.

When you have completed this three part assignment, please upload your response to your "Personal Design Portfolio" in the homework dropbox, calling your assignment: FirstInitial_LastName_PDP_8.doc, for example: D_Baltimore_PDP_8.doc

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