%% This BibTeX bibliography file in UTF-8 format was created using Papers. %% http://mekentosj.com/papers/ @article{Poirier:2008p39783, author = {Colline Poirier and Michiel Vellema and Marleen Verhoye and Vincent Van Meir and J Martin Wild and Jacques Balthazart and Annemie Van der Linden}, journal = {NeuroImage}, title = {A three-dimensional MRI atlas of the zebra finch brain in stereotaxic coordinates}, abstract = {The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a fast growing area of research in the neurosciences and involves electrophysiological, histological and more recently magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approaches. Many of these studies require the identification and localization of different brain areas (nuclei) involved in the sensory and motor control of song. Until now, the only published atlases of songbird brains consisted in drawings based on histological slices of the canary and of the zebra finch brain. Taking advantage of high-magnetic field (7 Tesla) MRI technique, we present the first high-resolution (80 x 160 x 160 microm) 3-D digital atlas in stereotaxic coordinates of a male zebra finch brain, the most widely used species in the study of birdsong neurobiology. Image quality allowed us to discern most of the song control, auditory and visual nuclei. The atlas can be freely downloaded from our Web site and can be interactively explored with MRIcro. This zebra finch MRI atlas should become a very useful tool for neuroscientists working on birdsong, especially for co-registrating MRI data but also for determining accurately the optimal coordinates and angular approach for injections or electrophysiological recordings.}, affiliation = {Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium. Colline.Poirier@ua.ac.be}, note = {brain atlas evomri deephomol2009}, number = {1}, pages = {1--6}, volume = {41}, year = {2008}, month = {May}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Male, Tomography: X-Ray Computed, Stereotaxic Techniques, Animals, Finches, Brain, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Data Interpretation: Statistical, Image Processing: Computer-Assisted}, date-added = {2008-12-18 11:59:59 +0100}, date-modified = {2009-06-04 22:24:15 +0200}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.069}, pii = {S1053-8119(08)00112-2}, pmid = {18358743}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WNP-4S1C8C4-1&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=ac70111424c5b26911d34817f3e0ce32}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Poirier_2008_A%20three-dimensional%20MRI%20atlas%20of%20the%20zebra%20finch%20brain%20in%20stereotaxic%20coordinates.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p39783}, rating = {5} } @article{Conroy:2007p36327, author = {G C Conroy and R J Smith}, journal = {Homo : internationale Zeitschrift f{\"u}r die vergleichende Forschung am Menschen}, title = {The size of scalable brain components in the human evolutionary lineage: with a comment on the paradox of Homo floresiensis}, abstract = {The discovery of a diminutive, small-brained hominin skeleton (LB1) from the Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia, seems to present a paradox concerning the interpretation of overall brain size in an evolutionary context. This specimen forms the holotype of a purportedly new hominin species, Homo floresiensis. As inferred from the archaeological record, it has been suggested that this species of Homo, existing as recently as 12,000 years ago, engaged in sophisticated cultural behaviors with an adult brain size equivalent to that seen in modern chimpanzees and one that in modern humans would be defined as "high degree microcephaly" and "always associated with idiocy". The alternative explanation for these behaviors at the observed brain size would require that H. floresiensis deviate from existing patterns of primate brain scaling at either a macroscopic or microscopic level. Here we develop predictive equations and confidence intervals for estimating the size of various brain components in the human evolutionary lineage by calculating scaling relationships among overall brain size and 11 components of the primate brain using phylogenetically independent contrasts (PIC) methods. Using these equations, paleoanthropologists can: (a) estimate brain component size (and confidence intervals) for any primate in the fossil record if overall brain size is known; and (b) calculate some reasonable outside limits as to how far species-specific departures from allometric constraints (i.e., brain "reorganization") can be taken in assessing human brain evolution. We conclude that if the original assessment of LB1 is correct, i.e., that it samples a population from a new species of Homo, H. floresiensis, that was capable of Homo sapiens-like cultural attributes (fire, blade manufacturing, etc.), while having a chimpanzee-sized brain, then we are faced with the paradox that 1 cm(3) of H. floresiensis brain could not be functionally equivalent to 1cm(3) of a modern human or modern chimpanzee brain.}, affiliation = {Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. conroyg@pcg.wustl.edu}, note = {gyrification evomri }, number = {1}, pages = {1--12}, volume = {58}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Regression Analysis, Evolution, Indonesia, Organ Size, Fossils, Humans, Brain, Phylogeny, Skull, Confidence Intervals, Animals, Hominidae}, date-added = {2008-12-09 14:33:26 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-09 14:33:58 +0100}, doi = {10.1016/j.jchb.2006.11.001}, pii = {S0018-442X(06)00054-0}, pmid = {17240374}, URL = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240374?dopt=abstract}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Conroy_2007_The%20size%20of%20scalable%20brain%20components%20in%20the%20human%20evolutionary%20lineage%20with%20a%20comment%20on.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p36327}, rating = {3} } @article{Allman:2005p39991, author = {John M Allman and Karli K Watson and Nicole A Tetreault and Atiya Y Hakeem}, journal = {Trends Cogn Sci}, title = {Intuition and autism: a possible role for Von Economo neurons}, abstract = {Von Economo neurons (VENs) are a recently evolved cell type which may be involved in the fast intuitive assessment of complex situations. As such, they could be part of the circuitry supporting human social networks. We propose that the VENs relay an output of fronto-insular and anterior cingulate cortex to the parts of frontal and temporal cortex associated with theory-of-mind, where fast intuitions are melded with slower, deliberative judgments. The VENs emerge mainly after birth and increase in number until age 4 yrs. We propose that in autism spectrum disorders the VENs fail to develop normally, and that this failure might be partially responsible for the associated social disabilities that result from faulty intuition.}, affiliation = {Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. cebus@caltech.edu}, annote = {evomri: chimp (fig.1d) Box 1. Questions for future research † Are the Von Economo neurons (VENs) abnormally located and connected in autism and other disorders? † If so, how specific are these defects to the VENs relative to other neuronal populations? † Is the hemispheric distribution of the VENs abnormal in autism and other neuropsychiatric disorders? † Are the expression of neurotransmitter receptors and dendritic morphol ogy abnormal i n t he VENs i n aut i sm and ot her neuropsychiatric disorders? † Is it possible to obtain non-invasive measures correlated with the VENs through brain imaging? }, number = {8}, pages = {367--73}, volume = {9}, year = {2005}, month = {Aug}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Autistic Disorder, Intuition, Neurons, Social Behavior, Neurotransmitter Agents, Humans, Animals, Cerebral Cortex}, date-added = {2008-12-19 19:22:37 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-19 19:25:02 +0100}, doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.008}, pii = {S1364-6613(05)00180-4}, pmid = {16002323}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH9-4GJM407-4&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=492ee4c490784b4105b11babd8a7ff20}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Allman_2005_Intuition%20and%20autism%20a%20possible%20role%20for%20Von%20Economo%20neurons-1.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p39991}, rating = {5} } @article{Greene:2008p37724, author = {Ciara M Greene and Wouter Braet and Katherine A Johnson and Mark A Bellgrove}, journal = {Biol Psychol}, title = {Imaging the genetics of executive function}, abstract = {Recent advances in neuroimaging technologies have allowed ever more detailed studies of the human brain. The combination of neuroimaging techniques with genetics may provide a more sensitive measure of the influence of genetic variants on cognitive function than behavioural measures alone. Here we present a review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of genetic links to executive functions, focusing on sustained attention, working memory and response inhibition. In addition to studies in the normal population, we also address findings from three clinical populations: schizophrenia, ADHD and autism spectrum disorders. While the findings in the populations studied do not always converge, they all point to the usefulness of neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI as potential endophenotypes for parsing the genetic aetiology of executive function.}, affiliation = {Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. cmgreene@gmail.com}, note = {evomri }, number = {1}, pages = {30--42}, volume = {79}, year = {2008}, month = {Sep}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Molecular Biology, Schizophrenia, Brain, Phenotype, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Memory, Psychomotor Performance, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Inhibition (Psychology), Humans, Schizophrenic Psychology, Cognition, Autistic Disorder}, date-added = {2008-12-12 12:26:45 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-12 12:27:12 +0100}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.009}, pii = {S0301-0511(07)00195-0}, pmid = {18178303}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T4T-4R7RS90-1&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=d1dd053d98dd306fc43b9e5589ea6755}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Greene_2008_Imaging%20the%20genetics%20of%20executive%20function.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p37724}, rating = {4} } @article{Thompson:2004p33915, author = {P J Thompson and T N Mitchell and S L Free and K A Williamson and I M Hanson and V van Heyningen and A T Moore and S M Sisodiya}, journal = {Neurology}, title = {Cognitive functioning in humans with mutations of the PAX6 gene}, abstract = {Fourteen patients with PAX6 gene mutations and previously identified MRI abnormalities were administered tests of cognitive functioning. No deficits were found. A subgroup with agenesis of the anterior commissure performed significantly more poorly on measures of working memory than those without this abnormality, suggesting the anterior commissure may play a role in cognitive processing in addition to an earlier identified role in sensory development and processing.}, affiliation = {Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK. Pamt@epilepsynse.org.uk}, note = {deep homology; psychiatry and evolution evomri}, number = {7}, pages = {1216--8}, volume = {62}, year = {2004}, month = {Apr}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Middle Aged, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mutation, Adolescent, Cognition Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Female, Eye Proteins, Male, Repressor Proteins, Corpus Callosum, Memory: Short-Term, Iris Diseases, Nervous System Malformations, Humans, Homeodomain Proteins, Adult, Paired Box Transcription Factors, Cognition}, date-added = {2008-12-07 20:57:44 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-07 20:58:23 +0100}, pmid = {15079031}, URL = {http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/full/62/7/1216}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Thompson_2004_Cognitive%20functioning%20in%20humans%20with%20mutations%20of%20the%20PAX6%20gene.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33915}, rating = {5} } @article{Kroenke:2006p33367, author = {Christopher D Kroenke and G Larry Bretthorst and Terrie E Inder and Jeffrey J Neil}, journal = {Magn Reson Med}, title = {Modeling water diffusion anisotropy within fixed newborn primate brain using Bayesian probability theory}, abstract = {An active area of research involves optimally modeling brain diffusion MRI data for various applications. In this study Bayesian analysis procedures were used to evaluate three models applied to phase-sensitive diffusion MRI data obtained from formalin-fixed perinatal primate brain tissue: conventional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a cumulant expansion, and a family of modified DTI expressions. In the latter two cases the optimum expression was selected from the model family for each voxel in the image. The ability of each model to represent the data was evaluated by comparing the magnitude of the residuals to the thermal noise. Consistent with previous findings from other laboratories, the DTI model poorly represented the experimental data. In contrast, the cumulant expansion and modified DTI expressions were both capable of modeling the data to within the noise using six to eight adjustable parameters per voxel. In these cases the model selection results provided a valuable form of image contrast. The successful modeling procedures differ from the conventional DTI model in that they allow the MRI signal to decay to a positive offset. Intuitively, the positive offset can be thought of as spins that are sufficiently restricted to appear immobile over the sampled range of b-values.}, affiliation = {Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. kroenke@wustl.edu}, note = {evomri}, number = {1}, pages = {187--97}, volume = {55}, year = {2006}, month = {Jan}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Brain Mapping, Body Water, Bayes Theorem, Animals: Newborn, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Animals, Papio, Anisotropy, Brain}, date-added = {2008-12-03 13:15:32 +0100}, date-modified = {2009-06-04 15:08:56 +0200}, doi = {10.1002/mrm.20728}, pmid = {16342153}, URL = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112202037/abstract}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Kroenke_2006_Modeling%20water%20diffusion%20anisotropy%20within%20fixed%20newborn%20primate%20brain%20using%20Bayesian%20probability%20theory.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33367}, rating = {3} } @article{McBride:1999p33337, author = {T McBride and S E Arnold and R C Gur}, journal = {Brain Behav Evol}, title = {A comparative volumetric analysis of the prefrontal cortex in human and baboon MRI}, abstract = {The proportion of prefrontal cortex in humans was compared to the proportion of prefrontal cortex in baboons (Papio anubis). Prefrontal cortex, dorsal prefrontal, orbital prefrontal cortex and total brain volumes were determined from magnetic resonance images of 20 healthy adult human females and 5 adult female baboons. Results showed that the proportion of prefrontal cortex volume relative to total brain volume in humans was significantly larger in humans than in baboons. The percentage of prefrontal cortex relative to total brain volume was 12.51 for humans and 10.68 for baboons. Similarly, the proportion of both dorsal and orbital prefrontal cortex volumes is larger in human brains. Relative to total brain volume, the percentages of dorsal and orbital prefrontal cortex was 8.22% and 4.29% respectively in humans and 7.21% and 3.47% in baboons. A regression analysis showed that the human prefrontal cortex was larger than would be predicted for a baboon of equal total brain volume. These results suggest that increased prefrontal lobe volume could underlie some of the differences between human and hominoid primates. On the other hand, the small magnitude of the difference might underlie similarities between the species and should encourage a search for other structures that are disproportionately larger in humans.}, affiliation = {Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. McBride@bblmail.psycha.upenn.edu}, note = {evomri}, number = {3}, pages = {159--66}, volume = {54}, year = {1999}, month = {Sep}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Humans, Species Specificity, Female, Adult, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Regression Analysis, Animals, Papio, Prefrontal Cortex, Brain}, date-added = {2008-12-03 13:01:30 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 13:08:52 +0100}, pii = {bbe54159}, pmid = {10559553}, URL = {http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=bbe54159}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/McBride_1999_A%20comparative%20volumetric%20analysis%20of%20the%20prefrontal%20cortex%20in%20human%20and%20baboon%20MRI.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33337}, rating = {5} } @Article{Nishimura:2008p23922, author = {Takeshi Nishimura and Takao Oishi and Juri Suzuki and Keiji Matsuda and Toshimitsu Takahashi}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, title = {Development of the supralaryngeal vocal tract in Japanese macaques: Implications for the evolution of the descent of the larynx}, abstract = {The configuration of the supralaryngeal vocal tract depends on the nonuniform growth of the oral and pharyngeal portion. The human pharynx develops to form a unique configuration, with the epiglottis losing contact with the velum. This configuration develops from the great descent of the larynx relative to the palate, which is accomplished through both the descent of the laryngeal skeleton relative to the hyoid and the descent of the hyoid relative to the palate. Chimpanzees show both processes of laryngeal descent, as in humans, but the evolutionary path before the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages is unclear. The development of laryngeal descent in six living Japanese macaque monkeys, Macaca fuscata, was examined monthly during the first three years of life using magnetic resonance imaging, to delineate the present or absence of these two processes and their contributions to the development of the pharyngeal topology. The macaque shows descent of the hyoid relative to the palate, but lacks the descent of the laryngeal skeleton relative to the hyoid and that of the EG from the VL. We argue that the former descent is simply a morphological consequence of mandibular growth and that the latter pair of descents arose in a common ancestor of extant hominoids. Thus, the evolutionary path of the great descent of the larynx is likely to be explained by a model comprising multiple and mosaic evolutionary pathways, wherein these developmental phenomena may have contributed secondarily to the faculty of speech in the human lineage.}, affiliation = {Kyoto Univ, Primate Res Inst, Dept Cellular {\&} Mol Biol, Aichi 4848506, Japan}, note = {macaca fuscata MRI evomri}, number = {2}, pages = {182--194}, volume = {135}, year = {2008}, month = {Jan}, language = {English}, keywords = {Mechanisms, Pan-Troglodytes, Primates, Descent Of The Hyoid, Movement, Tongue, Morphology, Pan-Troglodytes, Chimpanzees, Epiglottis, Hyo-Laryngeal Complex, Movement, Chimpanzees, Hyo-Laryngeal Complex, Epiglottis, Speech, Epiglottis, Mechanisms, Deglutition, Speech, Primates, Morphology, Mri, Epiglottis, Macaca Fuscata, Descent Of The Hyoid, Deglutition, Tongue, Macaca Fuscata, Mri}, date-added = {2008-11-07 16:01:53 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-04 17:28:12 +0100}, doi = {10.1002/ajpa.20719}, pmid = {000252345400006}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Nishimura_2008_Development%20of%20the%20supralaryngeal%20vocal%20tract%20in%20Japanese%20macaques%20Implications%20for%20the%20evolution%20of%20the.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p23922}, read = {Yes}, rating = {4} } @article{Ponting:2005p30739, author = {Chris Ponting and Andrew P Jackson}, journal = {Current Opinion in Genetics {\&} Development}, title = {Evolution of primary microcephaly genes and the enlargement of primate brains}, abstract = {Brain size, in relation to body size, has varied markedly during the evolution of mammals. In particular, a large cerebral cortex is a feature that distinguishes humans from our fellow primates. Such anatomical changes must have a basis in genetic alterations, but the molecular processes involved have yet to be defined. However, recent advances from the cloning of two human disease genes promise to make inroads in this important area. Microcephalin (MCPH1) and Abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated (ASPM) are genes mutated in primary microcephaly, a human neurodevelopmental disorder. In this 'atavistic' condition, brain size is reduced in volume to a size comparable with that of early hominids. Hence, it has been proposed that these genes evolved adaptively with increasing primate brain size. Subsequent studies have lent weight to this hypothesis by showing that both genes have undergone positive selection during great ape evolution. Further functional characterisation of their proteins will contribute to an understanding of the molecular and evolutionary processes that have determined human brain size.}, affiliation = {MRC Functional Genetics, University of Oxford, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.}, note = {evomri gyrification}, number = {3}, pages = {241--8}, volume = {15}, year = {2005}, month = {Jun}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Animals, Brain, Primates, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Humans, Evolution: Molecular, Microcephaly, evolution}, date-added = {2008-11-24 13:21:35 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-09 12:29:34 +0100}, doi = {10.1016/j.gde.2005.04.009}, pii = {S0959-437X(05)00061-4}, pmid = {15917198}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VS0-4G0W7B9-3&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=e22a24f8fb25a564ee80980b4b2d1eb6}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Ponting_2005_Evolution%20of%20primary%20microcephaly%20genes%20and%20the%20enlargement%20of%20primate%20brains.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p30739}, read = {Yes}, rating = {5} } @article{Sereno:2005p895, author = {Martin I Sereno and R Tootell}, journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol}, title = {From monkeys to humans: what do we now know about brain homologies?}, abstract = {[PDF]}, annote = {primates evomri phylogeny brain illustration: Fig. 1 {\&} 2 on gyrification in papio, macaca, pan an homo}, year = {2005}, month = {Jan}, date-added = {2008-10-16 11:01:43 +0200}, date-modified = {2008-12-11 18:30:29 +0100}, pmid = {8292379217291051230}, URL = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959438805000462}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Sereno_2005_From%20monkeys%20to%20humans%20what%20do%20we%20now%20know%20about%20brain%20homologies?.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p895}, rating = {5} } @article{Liu:2008p33252, author = {Feng Liu and Marianne Garland and Yunsuo Duan and Raymond I Stark and Dongrong Xu and Zhengchao Dong and Ravi Bansal and Bradley S Peterson and Alayar Kangarlu}, journal = {NeuroImage}, title = {Study of the development of fetal baboon brain using magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla}, abstract = {Direct observational data on the development of the brains of human and nonhuman primates is on remarkably scant, and most of our understanding of primate brain development is extrapolated from findings in rodent models. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising tool for the noninvasive, longitudinal study of the developing primate brain. We devised a protocol to scan pregnant baboons serially at 3 T for up to 3 h per session. Seven baboons were scanned 1-6 times, beginning as early as 56 days post-conceptional age, and as late as 185 days (term approximately 185 days). Successful scanning of the fetal baboon required careful animal preparation and anesthesia, in addition to optimization of the scanning protocol. We successfully acquired maps of relaxation times (T(1) and T(2)) and high-resolution anatomical images of the brains of fetal baboons at multiple time points during the course of gestation. These images demonstrated the convergence of gray and white matter contrast near term, and furthermore demonstrated that the loss of contrast at that age is a consequence of the continuous change in relaxation times during fetal brain development. These data furthermore demonstrate that maps of relaxation times have clear advantages over the relaxation time weighted images for the tracking of the changes in brain structure during fetal development. This protocol for in utero MRI of fetal baboon brains will help to advance the use of nonhuman primate models to study fetal brain development longitudinally.}, affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA. liuf@childpsych.columbia.edu}, note = {evomri}, number = {1}, pages = {148--59}, volume = {40}, year = {2008}, month = {Mar}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Artifacts, Male, Brain, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Animals, Urinary Bladder, Female, Atropine, Body Temperature, Adjuvants: Anesthesia, Anesthesia, Ketamine, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Papio papio, Pregnancy, Gestational Age, Image Processing: Computer-Assisted, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Algorithms, Anesthetics: Dissociative}, date-added = {2008-12-03 12:45:40 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 12:46:05 +0100}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.021}, pii = {S1053-8119(07)01055-5}, pmid = {18155925}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WNP-4R7J637-1&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=5f988619a5eb16ef41545dfd1c7d333f}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Liu_2008_Study%20of%20the%20development%20of%20fetal%20baboon%20brain%20using%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging%20at%203%20Tesla.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33252}, read = {Yes}, rating = {5} } @article{Chanet:2009p51744, author = {Bruno Chanet and M Fusellier and J Baudet and S Madec and C Guintard}, journal = {C R Biol}, title = {No need to open the jar: a comparative study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging results on fresh and alcohol preserved common carps (Cyprinus carpio (L. 1758), Cyprinidae, Teleostei)}, abstract = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examinations have been conducted both on fresh and alcohol-preserved common carps (Cyprinus carpio). The images have been compared to those of a sagittally-cut frozen animal of the same species. This work shows that the images obtained are globally similar, and that the MRI technique can be applied to investigate the gross anatomy of alcohol-preserved specimens without destroying them. Unfortunately, this kind of study does not provide precise enough anatomical data for small specimens (less than 10 cm in total length) with a 1 Tesla magnetic field. Nevertheless, leaving the specimen in the jar during MRI examinations does not affect the quality of the final images.}, affiliation = {Equipe Phylog{\'e}nie, D{\'e}partement syst{\'e}matique et {\'e}volution, Mus{\'e}um national d'histoire naturelle, UMR 7138 CNRS-IRD-MNHN-P6, CP 26, 57, rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France. Bruno.Chanet@ac-rennes.fr}, note = {frontiersin2009 evoMRI }, number = {4}, pages = {413--9}, volume = {332}, year = {2009}, month = {Apr}, language = {eng}, date-added = {2009-03-30 10:05:45 +0200}, date-modified = {2009-03-30 10:16:35 +0200}, doi = {10.1016/j.crvi.2008.12.002}, pii = {S1631-0691(08)00330-2}, pmid = {19304272}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Chanet_2009_No%20need%20to%20open%20the%20jar%20a%20comparative%20study%20of%20Magnetic%20Resonance%20Imaging%20results%20on-1.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p51744}, read = {Yes}, rating = {3} } @article{Penin:2002p34765, author = {Xavier Penin and Christine Berge and Michel Baylac}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, title = {Ontogenetic study of the skull in modern humans and the common chimpanzees: neotenic hypothesis reconsidered with a tridimensional Procrustes analysis}, abstract = {Heterochronic studies compare ontogenetic trajectories of an organ in different species: here, the skulls of common chimpanzees and modern humans. A growth trajectory requires three parameters: size, shape, and ontogenetic age. One of the great advantages of the Procrustes method is the precise definition of size and shape for whole organs such as the skull. The estimated ontogenetic age (dental stages) is added to the plot to give a graphical representation to compare growth trajectories. We used the skulls of 41 Homo sapiens and 50 Pan troglodytes at various stages of growth. The Procrustes superimposition of all specimens was completed by statistical procedures (principal component analysis, multivariate regression, and discriminant function) to calculate separately size-related shape changes (allometry common to chimpanzees and humans), and interspecific shape differences (discriminant function). The results confirm the neotenic theory of the human skull (sensu Gould [1977] Ontogeny and Phylogeny, Cambridge: Harvard University Press; Alberch et al. [1979] Paleobiology 5:296-317), but modify it slightly. Human growth is clearly retarded in terms of both the magnitude of changes (size-shape covariation) and shape alone (size-shape dissociation) with respect to the chimpanzees. At the end of growth, the adult skull in humans reaches an allometric shape (size-related shape) which is equivalent to that of juvenile chimpanzees with no permanent teeth, and a size which is equivalent to that of adult chimpanzees. Our results show that human neoteny involves not only shape retardation (paedomorphosis), but also changes in relative growth velocity. Before the eruption of the first molar, human growth is accelerated, and then strongly decelerated, relative to the growth of the chimpanzee as a reference. This entails a complex process, which explains why these species reach the same overall (i.e., brain + face) size in adult stage. The neotenic traits seem to concern primarily the function of encephalization, but less so other parts of the skull. Our results, based on the discriminant function, reveal that additional structural traits (corresponding to the nonallometric part of the shape which is specific to humans) are rather situated in the other part of the skull. They mainly concern the equilibrium of the head related to bipedalism, and the respiratory and masticatory functions. Thus, the reduced prognathism, the flexed cranial base (forward position of the foramen magnum which is brought closer to the palate), the reduced anterior portion of the face, the reduced glabella, and the prominent nose mainly correspond to functional innovations which have nothing to do with a neotenic process in human evolution. The statistical analysis used here gives us the possibility to point out that some traits, which have been classically described as paedomorphic because they superficially resemble juvenile traits, are in reality independent of growth.}, affiliation = {D{\'e}pt. Orthodontie, Facult{\'e} de Chirurgie Dentaire, Universit{\'e} Paris V, Montrouge 92120, France.}, note = {evomri}, number = {1}, pages = {50--62}, volume = {118}, year = {2002}, month = {May}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Male, Locomotion, Face, Posture, Anthropology: Physical, Evolution, Biometry, Female, Humans, Skull, Respiration, Mastication, Pan troglodytes, Animals}, date-added = {2008-12-08 13:41:43 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-08 13:45:31 +0100}, doi = {10.1002/ajpa.10044}, pii = {10.1002/ajpa.10044}, pmid = {11953945}, URL = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/93013173/abstract}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Penin_2002_Ontogenetic%20study%20of%20the%20skull%20in%20modern%20humans%20and%20the%20common%20chimpanzees%20neotenic%20hypothesis%20reconsidered.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p34765}, rating = {3} } @article{Williams:2002p34401, author = {M F Williams}, journal = {Medical Hypotheses}, title = {Primate encephalization and intelligence}, abstract = {The amount of brain mass exceeding that related to an animal's total body mass is called encephalization. And quantifying encephalization has been argued to be directly related to an animal's level of intelligence. In this study, the legitimacy of the encephalization hypothesis was tested for encephalization slopes 0.28, 0.67, and 0.75 in Snell's equation of simple allometry by determining the intersexual encephalization similarity for humans and 18 other primate species and by comparing the encephalization quotients for humans and six other primate species against the learning ability evaluations for their intelligence. Results suggest that the most accurate means for quantifying the encephalization of humans and other adult primate species requires the use of Lapicque's universal exponent of 0.28 in Snell's equation of simple allometry. Since Lapicque's slope was derived from various vertebrate groups, this equation may potentially be universally applicable for determining relative adult vertebrate encephalization and intelligence.}, affiliation = {newpapyrus@yahoo.com}, note = {evomri allometry}, number = {4}, pages = {284--90}, volume = {58}, year = {2002}, month = {Apr}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Anthropometry, Intelligence, Female, Male, Haplorhini, Learning, Body Weight, Primates, Humans, Species Specificity, Hominidae, Brain, Organ Size, Animals}, date-added = {2008-12-07 23:08:48 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-07 23:09:21 +0100}, doi = {10.1054/mehy.2001.1516}, pii = {S0306987701915166}, pmid = {12027521}, URL = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306987701915166}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Williams_2002_Primate%20encephalization%20and%20intelligence.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p34401}, rating = {5} } @article{Semendeferi:2000p33509, author = {K Semendeferi and H Damasio}, journal = {J Hum Evol}, title = {The brain and its main anatomical subdivisions in living hominoids using magnetic resonance imaging}, abstract = {Primary comparative data on the hominoid brain are scarce and major neuroanatomical differences between humans and apes have not yet been described satisfactorily, even at the gross level. Basic questions that involve the evolution of the human brain cannot be addressed adequately unless the brains of all extant hominoid species are analyzed. Contrary to the scarcity of original data, there is a rich literature on the topic of human brain evolution and several debates exist on the size of particular sectors of the brain, e.g., the frontal lobe.In this study we applied a non-invasive imaging technique (magnetic resonance) on living human, great ape and lesser ape subjects in order to investigate the overall size of the hominoid brain. The images were reconstructed in three dimensions and volumetric estimates were obtained for the brain and its main anatomical sectors, including the frontal and temporal lobes, the insula, the parieto-occipital sector and the cerebellum.A remarkable homogeneity is present in the relative size of many of the large sectors of the hominoid brain, but interspecific and intraspecific variation exists in certain parts of the brain. The human cerebellum is smaller than expected for an ape brain of human size. It is suggested that the cerebellum increased less than the cerebrum after the split of the human lineage from the African ancestral hominoid stock. In contrast, humans have a slightly larger temporal lobe and insula than expected, but differences are not statistically significant.Humans do not have a larger frontal lobe than expected for an ape brain of human size and gibbons have a relatively smaller frontal lobe than the rest of the hominoids. Given the fact that the frontal lobe in humans and great apes has similar relative size, it is parsimonious to suggest that the relative size of the whole of the frontal lobe has not changed significantly during hominid evolution in the Plio-Pleistocene.}, affiliation = {Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92098-0532, USA. ksemende@ucsd.edu}, note = {evomri}, number = {2}, pages = {317--32}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, month = {Feb}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Brain Mapping, Pan paniscus, Humans, Hominidae, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Animals, Hylobates, Magnetic Resonance Imaging}, date-added = {2008-12-03 17:07:58 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 17:08:15 +0100}, doi = {10.1006/jhev.1999.0381}, pii = {S0047-2484(99)90381-0}, pmid = {10656781}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WJS-45JBB1F-5&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=7791ec6eb851c16640661efca1001ad0}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Semendeferi_2000_The%20brain%20and%20its%20main%20anatomical%20subdivisions%20in%20living%20hominoids%20using%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33509}, read = {Yes}, rating = {5} } @article{Hakeem:2005p39953, author = {Atiya Y Hakeem and Patrick R Hof and Chet C Sherwood and Robert C Switzer and L E L Rasmussen and John M Allman}, journal = {Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol}, title = {Brain of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana): neuroanatomy from magnetic resonance images}, abstract = {We acquired magnetic resonance images of the brain of an adult African elephant, Loxodonta africana, in the axial and parasagittal planes and produced anatomically labeled images. We quantified the volume of the whole brain (3,886.7 cm3) and of the neocortical and cerebellar gray and white matter. The white matter-to-gray matter ratio in the elephant neocortex and cerebellum is in keeping with that expected for a brain of this size. The ratio of neocortical gray matter volume to corpus callosum cross-sectional area is similar in the elephant and human brains (108 and 93.7, respectively), emphasizing the difference between terrestrial mammals and cetaceans, which have a very small corpus callosum relative to the volume of neocortical gray matter (ratio of 181-287 in our sample). Finally, the elephant has an unusually large and convoluted hippocampus compared to primates and especially to cetaceans. This may be related to the extremely long social and chemical memory of elephants.}, affiliation = {Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. atiya@caltech.edu}, note = {deep homology evomri frontiersin2009}, number = {1}, pages = {1117--27}, volume = {287}, year = {2005}, month = {Nov}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Elephants, Brain Chemistry, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuroanatomy, Female, Brain Mapping, Animals, Brain}, date-added = {2008-12-19 18:54:26 +0100}, date-modified = {2009-04-30 04:03:17 +0200}, doi = {10.1002/ar.a.20255}, pmid = {16216009}, URL = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112100843/abstract}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Hakeem_2005_Brain%20of%20the%20African%20elephant%20(Loxodonta%20africana)%20neuroanatomy%20from%20magnetic%20resonance%20images-1.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p39953}, read = {Yes}, rating = {3} } @article{Boumans:2008p39729, author = {Tiny Boumans and Sharon M H Gobes and Colline Poirier and Frederic E Theunissen and Liesbeth Vandersmissen and Wouter Pintjens and Marleen Verhoye and Johan J Bolhuis and Annemie Van der Linden}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, title = {Functional MRI of auditory responses in the zebra finch forebrain reveals a hierarchical organisation based on signal strength but not selectivity}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Male songbirds learn their songs from an adult tutor when they are young. A network of brain nuclei known as the 'song system' is the likely neural substrate for sensorimotor learning and production of song, but the neural networks involved in processing the auditory feedback signals necessary for song learning and maintenance remain unknown. Determining which regions show preferential responsiveness to the bird's own song (BOS) is of great importance because neurons sensitive to self-generated vocalisations could mediate this auditory feedback process. Neurons in the song nuclei and in a secondary auditory area, the caudal medial mesopallium (CMM), show selective responses to the BOS. The aim of the present study is to investigate the emergence of BOS selectivity within the network of primary auditory sub-regions in the avian pallium. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI, we investigated neural responsiveness to natural and manipulated self-generated vocalisations and compared the selectivity for BOS and conspecific song in different sub-regions of the thalamo-recipient area Field L. Zebra finch males were exposed to conspecific song, BOS and to synthetic variations on BOS that differed in spectro-temporal and/or modulation phase structure. We found significant differences in the strength of BOLD responses between regions L2a, L2b and CMM, but no inter-stimuli differences within regions. In particular, we have shown that the overall signal strength to song and synthetic variations thereof was different within two sub-regions of Field L2: zone L2a was significantly more activated compared to the adjacent sub-region L2b. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results we suggest that unlike nuclei in the song system, sub-regions in the primary auditory pallium do not show selectivity for the BOS, but appear to show different levels of activity with exposure to any sound according to their place in the auditory processing stream.}, affiliation = {Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.}, note = {vocal learning evomri deephomol2009}, number = {9}, pages = {e3184}, volume = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {Jan}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Prosencephalon, Vocalization: Animal, Auditory Cortex, Animals, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Auditory Pathways, Time Factors, Image Processing: Computer-Assisted, Sound, Animal Communication, Finches, Telencephalon, Male, Neurons, Acoustic Stimulation}, date-added = {2008-12-18 11:00:13 +0100}, date-modified = {2009-06-04 22:19:19 +0200}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0003184}, pmid = {18781203}, URL = {http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003184}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Boumans_2008_Functional%20MRI%20of%20auditory%20responses%20in%20the%20zebra%20finch%20forebrain%20reveals%20a%20hierarchical%20organisation%20based.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p39729}, rating = {5} } @article{Kornack:1998p37694, author = {D R Kornack and P Rakic}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA}, title = {Changes in cell-cycle kinetics during the development and evolution of primate neocortex}, abstract = {The evolutionary expansion of neocortical size in mammals is particularly prominent in anthropoid primates (i.e., monkeys, apes, and humans) and reflects an increased number of cortical cells, yet the developmental basis for this increase remains undefined. Cortical cell production depends on the length of the cell-division cycle of progenitor cells during neurogenesis, which previously has been measured only in smaller-brained rodents. To investigate whether cortical expansion in primates reflects modification of cell-cycle kinetics, we determined cell-cycle length during neurogenesis in the proliferative cerebral ventricular zone of fetal rhesus monkeys, by using cumulative S-phase labeling with bromodeoxyuridine. Cell-cycle durations in monkeys were as much as 5 times longer than those reported in rodents. Nonetheless, substantially more total rounds of cell division elapsed during the prolonged neurogenetic period of the monkey cortex, providing a basis for increased cell production. Moreover, unlike the progressive slowing that occurs during cortical development in rodents, cell division accelerated during neurogenesis of the enlarged cortical layers in monkeys. These findings suggest that evolutionary modification of the duration and number of progenitor cell divisions contributed to both the expansion and laminar elaboration of the primate neocortex.}, affiliation = {Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. kornack@biomed.med.yale.edu}, annote = {primate evoMRI quote: "substantially more total rounds of cell division elapsed during the prolonged neurogenetic period of the monkey cortex, providing a basis for increased cell production." }, number = {3}, pages = {1242--6}, volume = {95}, year = {1998}, month = {Feb}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Male, Mice, Neocortex, DNA Replication, Cell Division, Pregnancy, Cell Cycle, Female, Bromodeoxyuridine, Animals, S Phase, Macaca mulatta}, date-added = {2008-12-11 18:42:43 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-11 18:47:59 +0100}, pmid = {9448316}, URL = {http://www.pnas.org/content/95/3/1242}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Kornack_1998_Changes%20in%20cell-cycle%20kinetics%20during%20the%20development%20and%20evolution%20of%20primate%20neocortex.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p37694}, read = {Yes}, rating = {5} } @article{Sherwood:2003p33520, author = {Chet C Sherwood and Douglas C Broadfield and Ralph L Holloway and Patrick J Gannon and Patrick R Hof}, journal = {Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol}, title = {Variability of Broca's area homologue in African great apes: implications for language evolution}, abstract = {The cortical circuits subserving neural processing of human language are localized to the inferior frontal operculum and the posterior perisylvian region. Functional language dominance has been related to anatomical asymmetry of Broca's area and the planum temporale. The evolutionary history of these asymmetric patterns, however, remains obscure. Although testing of hypotheses about the evolution of language areas requires comparison to homologous regions in the brains of our closest living relatives, the great apes, to date little is known about normal interindividual variation of these regions in this group. Here we focus on Brodmann's area 44 in African great apes (Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla). This area corresponds to the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and has been shown to exhibit both gross and cytoarchitectural asymmetries in humans. We calculated frequencies of sulcal variations and mapped the distribution of cytoarchitectural area 44 to determine whether its boundaries occurred at consistent macrostructural landmarks. A considerable amount of variation was found in the distribution of the inferior frontal sulci among great ape brains. The inferior precentral sulcus in particular was often bifurcated, which made it impossible to determine the posterior boundary of the pars opercularis. In addition, the distribution of Brodmann's area 44 showed very little correspondence to surface anatomy. We conclude that gross morphologic patterns do not offer substantive landmarks for the measurement of Brodmann's area 44 in great apes. Whether or not Broca's area homologue of great apes exhibits humanlike asymmetry can only be resolved through further analyses of microstructural components.}, affiliation = {Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. ccs9@columbia.edu}, note = {evolang histology evomri}, number = {2}, pages = {276--85}, volume = {271}, year = {2003}, month = {Apr}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Humans, Species Specificity, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Frontal Lobe, Pan troglodytes, Evolution, Gorilla gorilla, Animals, Africa, Language}, date-added = {2008-12-03 17:11:18 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 17:12:03 +0100}, doi = {10.1002/ar.a.10046}, pmid = {12629670}, URL = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/103527412/abstract}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Sherwood_2003_Variability%20of%20Broca's%20area%20homologue%20in%20African%20great%20apes%20implications%20for%20language%20evolution-1.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33520}, rating = {5} } @article{Aryan:2006p33508, author = {Henry E Aryan and Rahul Jandial and Peter Nakaji and Mark S Greenberg and Don L Janssen and Johnson Huang and William R Taylor}, journal = {Clinical neurology and neurosurgery}, title = {Lumbar diskectomy in a human-habituated mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei)}, abstract = {The authors report a case of a human-habituated mountain gorilla, Alvila, resident at the San Diego Zoo, who was found to have a herniated intervertebral lumbar disc after being attacked by the gorilla troop's silverback male gorilla. Ultimately, the gorilla required surgical intervention for her disease and made a full recovery. To our knowledge, this is the only known case of spine surgery. A 36-year-old female human-habituated mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei), resident at the San Diego Zoo, was noticed by caregivers to walk with a substantial limp after being attacked by the gorilla troop's silverback male gorilla. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of her lumbar spine revealed a large herniated disk at the L1-2 level on the right. This finding appeared to correlate well with the gorilla's symptoms. The gorilla underwent a lumbar diskectomy under loupe. Post-operatively the gorilla did very well. The right leg weakness was immediately improved post-operatively. The gorilla continued to "crutch walk" initially, swinging on the upper extremities and not bearing weight on the lowers. However, by 2 weeks the limp was no longer noticeable to the zoo caregivers. The wound healed well and there was no evidence of wound infection or CSF leak. The gorilla was reunited with her troop and has reintegrated well socially. With 10 months of follow-up, the gorilla continues to do well. This is the only known case of spine surgery in a gorilla. For best surgical results, one needs to consider the similarities and differences between the gorilla and human vertebral anatomy. We believe that careful pre-operative planning contributed to the good early post-operative result. Ultimate assessment of the long-term outcome will require additional follow-up.}, affiliation = {Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103-8893, USA. hearyan@ucsd.edu}, note = {evomri}, number = {2}, pages = {205--10}, volume = {108}, year = {2006}, month = {Feb}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Female, Ape Diseases, Lumbar Vertebrae, Intervertebral Disk Displacement, Gorilla gorilla, Animals: Zoo, Diskectomy, Animals}, date-added = {2008-12-03 17:15:39 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 17:15:51 +0100}, doi = {10.1016/j.clineuro.2004.12.011}, pii = {S0303-8467(04)00214-8}, pmid = {16412845}, URL = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0303-8467(04)00214-8}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Aryan_2006_Lumbar%20diskectomy%20in%20a%20human-habituated%20mountain%20gorilla%20(Gorilla%20beringei%20beringei).pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33508}, rating = {2} } @article{Silva:2002p38833, author = {Afonso C Silva and Alan P Koretsky}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA}, title = {Laminar specificity of functional MRI onset times during somatosensory stimulation in rat}, abstract = {The blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response to somatosensory stimulation was measured in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized rats. BOLD fMRI was obtained at 40-ms temporal resolution and spatial resolution of 200 x 200 x 2,000 microm(3) by using a gated activation paradigm in an 11.7 T MRI. Results show a consistent heterogeneity of fMRI onset times and amplitudes. The earliest onset time (0.59 +/- 0.17 s, n = 9) corresponded anatomically to layer IV, with superficial and deeper layers starting significantly later (1.27 +/- 0.43 s in layers I-III, and 1.11 +/- 0.45 s in layer VI). The amplitude of BOLD signal changes also varied with the cortical depth from the pial surface. Changes in the supragranular layers (8.3%) were 44% bigger than changes in the intermediate layers (5.5%), located only approximately 700 microm below, and 144% larger than the bottom layer (3.5%), located approximately 1.4 mm below the pial surface. The data presented demonstrate that BOLD signal changes have distinct amplitude and temporal characteristics, which vary spatially across cortical layers.}, affiliation = {Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. silvaa@ninds.nih.gov}, note = {evomri }, number = {23}, pages = {15182--7}, volume = {99}, year = {2002}, month = {Nov}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Electric Stimulation, Rats: Sprague-Dawley, Somatosensory Cortex, Rats, Animals, Brain Mapping, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Oxygen}, date-added = {2008-12-15 15:46:56 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-15 15:47:13 +0100}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.222561899}, pii = {222561899}, pmid = {12407177}, URL = {http://www.pnas.org/content/99/23/15182}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Silva_2002_Laminar%20specificity%20of%20functional%20MRI%20onset%20times%20during%20somatosensory%20stimulation%20in%20rat.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p38833}, rating = {2} } @article{MiotNoirault:1997p33431, author = {E Miot-Noirault and L Barantin and S Akoka and A Le Pape}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience Methods}, title = {T2 relaxation time as a marker of brain myelination: experimental MR study in two neonatal animal models}, abstract = {The progress of myelination in the brain was evaluated by visualization of grey/white matter differentiation on magnetic resonance (MR) images and quantitative analysis of MR data. In vivo quantitative MR imaging was used to monitor the T2 transverse relaxation time changes associated with cerebral development and myelination. The progress of myelination was evaluated using two neonatal animal models, the monkey and the dog, known to mature at very different rates. Three beagles were studied from birth to 4 months of age and nine baboons from 1 to 30 months of age. The T2 values in the frontal, parietal and occipital white matter were calculated and the changes in these values with age were followed. Brain maturation in both species was found to correspond to decreasing T2 values in both grey and white matter. This decrease was observed both in the dog brain and, despite slower maturation, in the baboon brain, and appeared to fit with the myelination process in these models. Exploiting the physicochemical parameters of water in tissues via T2 determination is a convenient and reliable strategy for the documentation of brain development in both experimental approaches and clinical situations.}, affiliation = {Laboratoire de Biophysique Cellulaire et RMN, INSERM U316-CNRS, Tours, France.}, note = {evoMRI}, number = {1}, pages = {5--14}, volume = {72}, year = {1997}, month = {Mar}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Animals: Newborn, Dogs, Myelin Sheath, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Age Factors, Animals, Time Factors, Papio, Brain}, date-added = {2008-12-03 13:29:48 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 13:30:09 +0100}, pii = {S0165-0270(96)00148-3}, pmid = {9128162}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T04-3PTC2V1-3&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=33aec2966890ee7b45e0f412ed084ddd}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Miot-Noirault_1997_T2%20relaxation%20time%20as%20a%20marker%20of%20brain%20myelination%20experimental%20MR%20study%20in%20two%20neonatal.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33431}, rating = {4} } @article{Inder:2005p33260, author = {Terrie Inder and Jeffrey Neil and Christopher Kroenke and Sandra Dieni and Bradley Yoder and Sandra Rees}, journal = {Dev Neurosci}, title = {Investigation of cerebral development and injury in the prematurely born primate by magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology}, abstract = {We summarize the preliminary results of brain histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging applied to a premature baboon model developed for evaluation of the pathogenesis and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Cerebral development was assessed in 10 gestational control animals at time points of 125, 140 and 160 days of gestation (dg). On the basis of histopathology, conventional MRI and diffusion MRI, 125 dg is equivalent to 26-28 weeks of human gestation, 140 dg is equivalent to 30-32 weeks, and 160 dg is equivalent to term. Preliminary data are also presented for 33 experimental cases delivered at 125 dg, nursed for 2 weeks in an intensive care facility, and sacrificed at 139-140 dg. The commonest neuropathology in this cohort is white matter damage, manifest by reactive astrogliosis or activated microglia, and enlarged ventricular size. Subarachnoid, germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhages are also common. These preliminary results support the similarity of this model to the human preterm infant for both cerebral development and the pattern of cerebral injury. The prematurely born baboon appears an important model for the study of preterm human birth.}, affiliation = {Neonatal Neurology, Royal Women's and Royal Children's Hospitals, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia. indert@cryptic.rch.unimelb.edu.au}, note = {evomri}, number = {2-4}, pages = {100--11}, volume = {27}, year = {2005}, month = {Jan}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Models: Animal, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Premature Birth, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pregnancy, Animals, Embryonic Development, Papio, Anisotropy}, date-added = {2008-12-03 13:13:52 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 13:14:12 +0100}, doi = {10.1159/000085981}, pii = {DNE20050272_4100}, pmid = {16046843}, URL = {http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=DNE20050272_4100}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Inder_2005_Investigation%20of%20cerebral%20development%20and%20injury%20in%20the%20prematurely%20born%20primate%20by%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33260}, rating = {3} } @article{Greer:2002p33239, author = {Phil J Greer and Victor L Villemagne and James Ruszkiewicz and Angela K Graves and Carolyn Cidis Meltzer and Chester A Mathis and Julie C Price}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, title = {MR atlas of the baboon brain for functional neuroimaging}, abstract = {Mathematical co-registration of functional image data (e.g., positron emission tomography, PET) to anatomical magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data allows for objective associations between function and anatomy. Baboons are often used as non-human primate models for functional neuroimaging studies. In this work, a digital MR-based high-resolution atlas of the baboon brain was generated and evaluated for PET. The atlas was generated from six SPGR-MR datasets (centered at mid-sagittal line, AC-PC orientation) that were transformed into the space of one representative MR, averaged and resampled into PET space. The atlas was evaluated by comparing blood flow and dopamine receptor and serotonin transporter binding measures determined using regions-of-interest (ROIs) generated on each individual co-registered MR (ROI(i)) and the atlas-defined ROI template (ROI(ATLAS)). Common ROIs applied to all data included frontal cortex, temporal cortex, thalamus, caudate, putamen and cerebellum. High correlations (r(2)>0.87) were found between the ROI(i) and ROI(ATLAS) data for all radiotracers (linear regression across ROIs for each baboon). The average regression slope values ranged from 0.95 to 1.02 across radiotracers. Lastly, use of the atlas for statistical parametric mapping (SPM) of [15O]water data yielded good agreement with previous ROI(i) results. Overall, the digital MR-based atlas allowed for automatic co-registration, proved useful across a range of PET Studies, and is accessible electronically via the Internet.}, affiliation = {University of Pittsburgh PET Facility, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA}, note = {evomri}, number = {4}, pages = {429--38}, volume = {58}, year = {2002}, month = {Aug}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Brain Mapping, Brain, Female, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Medical Illustration, Animals, Tomography: Emission-Computed, Male, Papio, Anatomy: Artistic}, date-added = {2008-12-03 12:42:01 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 12:42:57 +0100}, pii = {S0361923002008109}, pmid = {12183022}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6SYT-464P6DW-4&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=2376820f0b8c9e28f436964ad408caa3}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Greer_2002_MR%20atlas%20of%20the%20baboon%20brain%20for%20functional%20neuroimaging.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33239}, rating = {4} } @article{Clark:2001p30227, author = {D A Clark and P P Mitra and S S Wang}, journal = {Nature}, title = {Scalable architecture in mammalian brains}, abstract = {Comparison of mammalian brain parts has often focused on differences in absolute size, revealing only a general tendency for all parts to grow together. Attempts to find size-independent effects using body weight as a reference variable obscure size relationships owing to independent variation of body size and give phylogenies of questionable significance. Here we use the brain itself as a size reference to define the cerebrotype, a species-by-species measure of brain composition. With this measure, across many mammalian taxa the cerebellum occupies a constant fraction of the total brain volume (0.13 +/- 0.02), arguing against the hypothesis that the cerebellum acts as a computational engine principally serving the neocortex. Mammalian taxa can be well separated by cerebrotype, thus allowing the use of quantitative neuroanatomical data to test evolutionary relationships. Primate cerebrotypes have progressively shifted and neocortical volume fractions have become successively larger in lemurs and lorises, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids, lending support to the idea that primate brain architecture has been driven by directed selection pressure. At the same time, absolute brain size can vary over 100-fold within a taxon, while maintaining a relatively uniform cerebrotype. Brains therefore constitute a scalable architecture.}, affiliation = {Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.}, annote = {gyrification evomri allometry illustration: Fig. 1 on scaling of brain substructures Fig. 2 on scaling of cerebellum with cerebrum Fig. 3 {\&} 4 on clustering analyses Fig. 5 on phylogenetic trees }, number = {6834}, pages = {189--93}, volume = {411}, year = {2001}, month = {May}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Body Constitution, Neocortex, Reference Values, Humans, Databases as Topic, Primates, Species Specificity, Algorithms, Brain, Evolution, Phylogeny, Animals, Cerebellum}, date-added = {2008-11-24 11:49:28 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-11 15:57:16 +0100}, doi = {10.1038/35075564}, pii = {35075564}, pmid = {11346794}, URL = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v411/n6834/abs/411189a0.html}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Clark_2001_Scalable%20architecture%20in%20mammalian%20brains.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p30227}, read = {Yes}, rating = {5} } @article{Boumans:2008p18171, author = {Tiny Boumans and Cl{\'e}mentine Vignal and Alain Smolders and Jan Sijbers and Marleen Verhoye and Johan Van Audekerke and Nicolas Mathevon and Annemie Van der Linden}, journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology}, title = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging in zebra finch discerns the neural substrate involved in segregation of conspecific song from background noise}, abstract = {Recently, fMRI was introduced in a well-documented animal model for vocal learning, the songbird. Using fMRI and conspecific signals mixed with different levels of broadband noise, we now demonstrate auditory-induced activation representing discriminatory properties of auditory forebrain regions in anesthetized male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Earlier behavioral tests showed comparable calling responses to the original conspecific song stimulus heard outside and inside the magnet. A significant fMRI response was elicited by conspecific song in the primary auditory thalamo-recipient subfield L2a; in neighboring subareas L2b, L3, and L; and in the rostral part of the higher-order auditory area NCM (caudomedial nidopallium). Temporal BOLD response clustering revealed rostral and caudal clusters that we defined as "cluster Field L" and "cluster NCM", respectively. However, because the actual border between caudal Field L subregions and NCM cannot be seen in the structural MR image and is not precisely reported elsewhere, the cluster NCM might also contain subregion L and the medial extremes of the subregions L2b and L3. Our results show that whereas in cluster Field L the response was not reduced by added noise, in cluster NCM the response was reduced and finally disappeared with increasing levels of noise added to the song stimulus. The activation in cluster NCM was significant for only two experimental stimuli that showed significantly more behavioral responses than the more degraded stimuli, suggesting that the first area within the auditory system where the ability to discern song from masking noise emerges is located in cluster NCM.}, affiliation = {Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. Tiny.Boumans@ua.ac.be}, note = {evomri}, number = {2}, pages = {931--8}, volume = {99}, year = {2008}, month = {Feb}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Animals, Male, Discrimination (Psychology), Auditory Perception, Oxygen, Behavior: Animal, Brain Mapping, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Image Processing: Computer-Assisted, Finches, Acoustic Stimulation, Noise, Prosencephalon, Vocalization: Animal}, date-added = {2008-10-27 18:52:42 +0100}, date-modified = {2009-06-04 22:19:20 +0200}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00483.2007}, pii = {00483.2007}, pmid = {17881485}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Boumans_2008_Functional%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging%20in%20zebra%20finch%20discerns%20the%20neural%20substrate%20involved%20in%20segregation%20of-1.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p18171}, read = {Yes}, rating = {5} } @article{Shoshani:2006p39952, author = {Jeheskel Shoshani and William J Kupsky and Gary H Marchant}, journal = {Brain Res Bull}, title = {Elephant brain. Part I: gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution}, abstract = {We report morphological data on brains of four African, Loxodonta africana, and three Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, and compare findings to literature. Brains exhibit a gyral pattern more complex and with more numerous gyri than in primates, humans included, and in carnivores, but less complex than in cetaceans. Cerebral frontal, parietal, temporal, limbic, and insular lobes are well developed, whereas the occipital lobe is relatively small. The insula is not as opercularized as in man. The temporal lobe is disproportionately large and expands laterally. Humans and elephants have three parallel temporal gyri: superior, middle, and inferior. Hippocampal sizes in elephants and humans are comparable, but proportionally smaller in elephant. A possible carotid rete was observed at the base of the brain. Brain size appears to be related to body size, ecology, sociality, and longevity. Elephant adult brain averages 4783 g, the largest among living and extinct terrestrial mammals; elephant neonate brain averages 50% of its adult brain weight (25% in humans). Cerebellar weight averages 18.6% of brain (1.8 times larger than in humans). During evolution, encephalization quotient has increased by 10-fold (0.2 for extinct Moeritherium, approximately 2.0 for extant elephants). We present 20 figures of the elephant brain, 16 of which contain new material. Similarities between human and elephant brains could be due to convergent evolution; both display mosaic characters and are highly derived mammals. Humans and elephants use and make tools and show a range of complex learning skills and behaviors. In elephants, the large amount of cerebral cortex, especially in the temporal lobe, and the well-developed olfactory system, structures associated with complex learning and behavioral functions in humans, may provide the substrate for such complex skills and behavior.}, affiliation = {Department of Biology, University of Asmara, P.O. Box 1220, Asmara, Eritrea (Horn of Africa). hezy@bio.uoa.edu.er}, note = {evomri }, number = {2}, pages = {124--57}, volume = {70}, year = {2006}, month = {Jun}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Pan troglodytes, Humans, Elephants, Cats, Guinea Pigs, Equidae, Sheep, Wolves, Hyraxes, Female, Animals, Chinchilla, Brain, Evolution, Male, Haplorhini}, date-added = {2008-12-19 18:57:09 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-19 19:05:32 +0100}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.016}, pii = {S0361-9230(06)00114-6}, pmid = {16782503}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6SYT-4JRV76P-5&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=1f0dae9baa7fd8ffb89fa7374c3ce423}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Shoshani_2006_Elephant%20brain.%20Part%20I%20gross%20morphology%20functions%20comparative%20anatomy%20and%20evolution.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p39952}, rating = {3} } @article{Chatfield:2006p33505, author = {Jenifer Chatfield and Lily Zhang and Jacques Ramey and Todd Bowsher and Naida Loskutoff and Kortney O'Neill}, journal = {J Zoo Wildl Med}, title = {Resolution of a hyperprolactinemia in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)}, abstract = {Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas are one of the most common causes of infertility in women. Prolactin plays an important role in lactation and is involved in producing some of the normal mammalian breeding and maternal behaviors. Elevated serum prolactin concentrations can adversely affect the reproductive cycle in females by inhibiting the normal lutenizing hormone surge that stimulates ovulation. A 17-year-old western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) presented with low fertility and hyperprolactinemia. An MRI confirmed a pituitary mass and treatment was initiated with cabergoline. Following 8 mo of treatment, mass size decreased and serum prolactin was within normal limits. The gorilla began to engage in normal breeding behavior, and within 6 mo of completing treatment, was pregnant. Hyperprolactinemia, secondary to presumed microprolactinoma, may be more common among breeding-age gorillas than is currently diagnosed and in humans is an easily diagnosed and treatable condition.}, affiliation = {Gladys Porter Zoo, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA.}, note = {evomri}, number = {4}, pages = {565--6}, volume = {37}, year = {2006}, month = {Dec}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Treatment Outcome, Hyperprolactinemia, Ape Diseases, Ergolines, Antineoplastic Agents, Reproduction, Pituitary Neoplasms, Gorilla gorilla, Female, Animals, Prolactinoma}, date-added = {2008-12-03 17:16:45 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 17:17:03 +0100}, pmid = {17315448}, URL = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17315448?dopt=abstract}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Chatfield_2006_Resolution%20of%20a%20hyperprolactinemia%20in%20a%20western%20lowland%20gorilla%20(Gorilla%20gorilla%20gorilla).pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33505}, rating = {3} } @article{Stankoff:2006p33258, author = {Bruno Stankoff and Yanming Wang and Michel Bottlaender and Marie-Stephane Aigrot and Frederic Dolle and Chunying Wu and Douglas Feinstein and Guo-Feng Huang and Frank Semah and Chester A Mathis and William Klunk and Robert M Gould and Catherine Lubetzki and Bernard Zalc}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA}, title = {Imaging of CNS myelin by positron-emission tomography}, abstract = {Promoting myelin repair is one of the most promising therapeutic avenues in the field of myelin disorders. In future clinical trials, evaluation of remyelination will require a reliable and quantifiable myelin marker to be used as a surrogate marker. To date, MRI assessment lacks specificity for evaluating the level of remyelination within the brain. Here, we describe 1,4-bis(p-aminostyryl)-2-methoxy benzene (BMB), a synthesized fluorescent molecule, that binds selectively to myelin both ex vivo and in vivo. The binding of BMB to myelin allows the detection of demyelinating lesions in an experimental autoimmune encephalitis model of demyelination and allows a mean for quantifying myelin loss in dysmyelinating mutants. In multiple sclerosis brain, different levels of BMB binding differentiated remyelination in shadow plaques from either demyelinated lesions or normal-appearing white matter. After systemic injection, BMB crosses the blood-brain barrier and binds to myelin in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. Finally, we provide evidence that (11)C-radiolabeled BMB can be used in vivo to image CNS myelin by positron-emission tomography in baboon. Our results provide a perspective for developing a brain myelin imaging technique by positron-emission tomography.}, affiliation = {Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale, U711, H{\^o}pital de la Salp{\^e}tri{\`e}re, F-75013 Paris, France. bruno.stankoff@psl.aphp.fr}, note = {evomri}, number = {24}, pages = {9304--9}, volume = {103}, year = {2006}, month = {Jun}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Central Nervous System, Biological Markers, Anisoles, Animals, Rats: Wistar, Encephalomyelitis: Autoimmune: Experimental, Fluorescent Dyes, Multiple Sclerosis, Rats, Humans, Carbon Radioisotopes, Myelin Sheath, Positron-Emission Tomography, Stilbenes, Molecular Structure, Mice: Inbred C57BL, Papio anubis, Mice}, date-added = {2008-12-03 12:43:49 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 12:44:21 +0100}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.0600769103}, pii = {0600769103}, pmid = {16754874}, URL = {http://www.pnas.org/content/103/24/9304}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Stankoff_2006_Imaging%20of%20CNS%20myelin%20by%20positron-emission%20tomography.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33258}, rating = {3} } @article{Bateson:2005p39027, author = {Patrick Bateson}, journal = {J Biosci}, title = {The return of the whole organism}, abstract = {The long trend towards analysis at lower and lower levels is starting to reverse. The new integrative studies must make use of the resources uncovered by molecular biology but should also use the characteristics of whole organisms to measure the outcomes of developmental processes. Two examples are given of how movement between levels of analysis is being used with increasing power and promise. The first is the study of behavioural imprinting in birds where many of the molecular and neural mechanisms involved have been uncovered and are now being integrated to explain the behaviour of the whole animal. The second is the triggering during sensitive periods in early life by environmental events of one of several alternative modes of development leading to different phenotypes. A renewed focus on the whole organism is also starting to change the face of evolutionary biology. The decision-making and adaptability of the organism is recognized an important driver of evolution and is increasingly seen as an alternative to the gene-focused views.}, affiliation = {Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, High Street, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, UK. ppgb@cam.ac.uk}, note = {evomri organisationsebenenfahrstuhl }, number = {1}, pages = {31--9}, volume = {30}, year = {2005}, month = {Feb}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Environment, Molecular Biology, Adaptation: Physiological, Models: Biological, Animals, Humans, Imprinting (Psychology), evolution, Behavior: Animal, Phenotype}, date-added = {2008-12-15 16:34:41 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-15 16:35:39 +0100}, pmid = {15824439}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Bateson_2005_The%20return%20of%20the%20whole%20organism.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p39027}, rating = {5} } @article{Ramirez:2004p36397, author = {Dorian Ramirez and Edward J Lammer and Caroline B Johnson and Cynthia D Peterson}, journal = {Am J Med Genet A}, title = {Autosomal recessive frontotemporal pachygyria}, abstract = {Pachygyria is a cortical malformation that results from the abnormal migration of neurons. Regions of the brain with pachygyria have an abnormally thick cortex that lacks normal folding and has deficient layering. We describe three siblings, born to nonconsanguineous Mexican parents, who have bilateral frontotemporal pachygyria without polymicrogyria. The pachygyria is accompanied by moderate mental retardation, esotropia, and either hypertelorism or telecanthus. They are otherwise morphologically normal and do not have microcephaly. Two experienced a single seizure in infancy. The characteristic phenotype present in this family suggests a new genetic syndrome that is likely inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.}, affiliation = {Children's Hospital Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA.}, note = {evomri gyrification}, number = {3}, pages = {231--8}, volume = {124A}, year = {2004}, month = {Jan}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Child, Family Health, Humans, Female, Syndrome, Child: Preschool, Frontal Lobe, Nervous System Malformations, Temporal Lobe, Genes: Recessive, Pedigree, Adolescent, Male}, date-added = {2008-12-09 15:18:19 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-09 15:26:08 +0100}, doi = {10.1002/ajmg.a.20388}, pmid = {14708094}, URL = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/104541313/abstract}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Ramirez_2004_Autosomal%20recessive%20frontotemporal%20pachygyria.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p36397}, rating = {3} } @article{Dean:1984p34797, author = {M C Dean and B A Wood}, journal = {Folia Primatol}, title = {Phylogeny, neoteny and growth of the cranial base in hominoids}, abstract = {This study tests the hypothesis that there is a general pattern in the growth of the cranial base of Homo sapiens that is 'essentially neotenous' [Gould, 1977]. Juvenile and adult crania of Homo sapiens, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus were studied and the cross-sectional growth curves for 10 measurements made on the cranial base (as viewed in norma basilaris) were compared. The results of this study suggest that relatively simple modifications to the timing or pattern of growth are insufficient to explain the observed morphological differences between the cranial base of modern Homo sapiens and the great apes.}, note = {evomri}, number = {2-3}, pages = {157--80}, volume = {43}, year = {1984}, month = {Jan}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Haplorhini, Aging, Species Specificity, Gorilla gorilla, Male, Female, Humans, Skull, Pongo pygmaeus, Cephalometry, Pan troglodytes, Phylogeny, Animals}, date-added = {2008-12-08 12:07:59 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-08 12:35:10 +0100}, pmid = {6440838}, URL = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6440838?dopt=abstract}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p34797}, rating = {2} } @article{Braun:2003p33502, author = {Allen Braun}, journal = {Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol}, title = {New findings on cortical anatomy and implications for investigating the evolution of language}, affiliation = {Language Section Voice, Speech and Language Branch National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Building 10, Room 5N118A National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. brauna@nidcd.nih.gov}, note = {evolang, evomri}, number = {2}, pages = {273--5}, volume = {271}, year = {2003}, month = {Apr}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Humans, Species Specificity, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Frontal Lobe, Pan troglodytes, Africa, Evolution, Animals, Gorilla gorilla, Language}, date-added = {2008-12-03 17:09:18 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 17:12:22 +0100}, doi = {10.1002/ar.a.10051}, pmid = {12629669}, URL = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/103527407/abstract}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Braun_2003_New%20findings%20on%20cortical%20anatomy%20and%20implications%20for%20investigating%20the%20evolution%20of%20language.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33502}, rating = {4} } @article{Dautry:1999p33407, author = {C Dautry and F Cond{\'e} and E Brouillet and V Mittoux and M F Beal and G Bloch and P Hantraye}, journal = {Neurobiology of Disease}, title = {Serial 1H-NMR spectroscopy study of metabolic impairment in primates chronically treated with the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid}, abstract = {Previous studies in primates have shown that chronic systemic administration of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitor, 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP), replicates most of the motor, cognitive, and histopathological features of Huntington's disease. In the present study, serial 1H-NMR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) assessment of striatal and occipital cortex concentrations of N-acetylaspartate, phosphocreatine/creatine, choline, and lactate, were obtained every 2-weeks during the entire course of a chronic 3NP treatment in baboons. A region-selective increase in lactate was detected in the striatum of the 3NP-treated animals, either immediately before or in conjunction with a lesion in the dorsolateral putamen detected by T2-MR imaging. Absolute 1H-MRS quantitation demonstrated a progressive and region-specific decrease in striatal N-acetylaspartate, creatine, and choline, occuring as early as 3 weeks before the first detection of lactate. These results demonstrate that 1H-MRS can be used to monitor early stages of brain metabolic impairment. In addition, given that 3NP-induced SDH inhibition following systemic injection similarly affects all brain regions, the striatal selective decreases in N-acetylaspartate or creatine concentrations are not simply related to the level of mitochondrial impairment but to a preferential vulnerability of the striatum to 3NP-induced toxicity.}, affiliation = {URA CEA CNRS 2210, Groupe RMN, Service Hospitalier Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Joliot, DRM, DSV, CEA, 4 place Gal Leclerc, Orsay Cedex, 91401, France.}, note = {evomri }, number = {4}, pages = {259--68}, volume = {6}, year = {1999}, month = {Aug}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Lactic Acid, Creatine, Animals, Immunohistochemistry, Occipital Lobe, Body Water, Aspartic Acid, Cell Count, Papio, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nitro Compounds, Time Factors, Succinate Dehydrogenase, Putamen, Choline, Corpus Striatum, Phosphocreatine, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Propionic Acids}, date-added = {2008-12-03 13:19:19 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 13:19:44 +0100}, doi = {10.1006/nbdi.1999.0244}, pii = {S0969-9961(99)90244-9}, pmid = {10448053}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WNK-45FSG6K-W&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=565daaa51e756cf181b400287c4aa9f6}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Dautry_1999_Serial%201H-NMR%20spectroscopy%20study%20of%20metabolic%20impairment%20in%20primates%20chronically%20treated%20with%20the%20succinate%20dehydrogenase.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33407}, rating = {2} } @article{Black:2001p33240, author = {K J Black and A Z Snyder and J M Koller and M H Gado and J S Perlmutter}, journal = {NeuroImage}, title = {Template images for nonhuman primate neuroimaging: 1. Baboon}, abstract = {Coregistration of functional brain images across many subjects offers several experimental advantages and is widely used for studies in humans. Voxel-based coregistration methods require a high-quality 3-D template image, preferably one that corresponds to a published atlas. Template images are available for human, but we could not find an appropriate template for neuroimaging studies in baboon. Here we describe the formation of a T1-weighted structural MR template image and a PET blood flow template, derived from 9 and 7 baboons, respectively. Custom software aligns individual MR images to the MRI template; human supervision is needed only to initially estimate any gross rotational misalignment. In these aligned individual images, internal subcortical fiducial points correspond closely to a photomicrographic baboon atlas with an average error of 1.53 mm. Cortical test points showed a mean error of 1.99 mm compared to the mean location for each point. Alignment of individual PET blood flow images directly to the PET template was compared to a two-step alignment process via each subject's MR image. The two transformations were identical within 0.41 mm, 0.54 degrees, and 1.0% (translation, rotation, and linear stretch; mean). These quantities provide a check on the validity of the alignment software as well as of the template images. The baboon structural MR and blood flow PET templates are available on the Internet (purl.org/net/kbmd/b2k) and can be used as targets for any image registration software.}, affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. kevin@npg.wustl.edu}, note = {evomri}, number = {3}, pages = {736--43}, volume = {14}, year = {2001}, month = {Sep}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Brain, Tomography: Emission-Computed, Female, Brain Mapping, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Imaging: Three-Dimensional, Animals, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Software, Papio, Male}, date-added = {2008-12-03 12:40:59 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 12:41:41 +0100}, doi = {10.1006/nimg.2001.0752}, pii = {S1053-8119(01)90752-9}, pmid = {11506545}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WNP-457D9RK-25&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=37e3d1e24515f15d016b8ab6f0398520}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Black_2001_Template%20images%20for%20nonhuman%20primate%20neuroimaging%201.%20Baboon-1.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33240}, rating = {5} } @article{Mietchen:2008p33812, author = {Daniel Mietchen and B Manz and F Volke and K Storey}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, title = {In Vivo Assessment of Cold Adaptation in Insect Larvae by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Temperatures below the freezing point of water and the ensuing ice crystal formation pose serious challenges to cell structure and function. Consequently, species living in seasonally cold environments have evolved a multitude of strategies to reorganize their cellular architecture and metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms are crucial to our understanding of life. In multicellular organisms, and poikilotherm animals in particular, our knowledge about these processes is almost exclusively due to invasive studies, thereby limiting the range of conclusions that can be drawn about intact living systems. METHODOLOGY: Given that non-destructive techniques like (1)H Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy have proven useful for in vivo investigations of a wide range of biological systems, we aimed at evaluating their potential to observe cold adaptations in living insect larvae. Specifically, we chose two cold-hardy insect species that frequently serve as cryobiological model systems-the freeze-avoiding gall moth Epiblema scudderiana and the freeze-tolerant gall fly Eurosta solidaginis. RESULTS: In vivo MR images were acquired from autumn-collected larvae at temperatures between 0 degrees C and about -70 degrees C and at spatial resolutions down to 27 microm. These images revealed three-dimensional (3D) larval anatomy at a level of detail currently not in reach of other in vivo techniques. Furthermore, they allowed visualization of the 3D distribution of the remaining liquid water and of the endogenous cryoprotectants at subzero temperatures, and temperature-weighted images of these distributions could be derived. Finally, individual fat body cells and their nuclei could be identified in intact frozen Eurosta larvae. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that high resolution MR techniques provide for interesting methodological options in comparative cryobiological investigations, especially in vivo.}, affiliation = {Magnetic Resonance Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), St. Ingbert, Germany.}, note = {evomri}, number = {12}, pages = {e3826}, volume = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {Jan}, language = {ENG}, keywords = {cryoprotectant, Freezing, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Freeze-avoidance, Dehydration, anhydrobiosis, MRS, Solidago, MRI, Eurosta solidaginis, cold hardiness, Freeze-tolerance, single cell, cryobiology, Epiblema scudderiana}, date-added = {2008-12-05 15:45:35 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-07 18:10:46 +0100}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0003826}, pmid = {19057644}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Mietchen_2008_In%20Vivo%20Assessment%20of%20Cold%20Adaptation%20in%20Insect%20Larvae%20by%20Magnetic%20Resonance%20Imaging%20and%20Magnetic.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33812}, rating = {4} } @article{Schmidt:2009p56583, author = {M Schmidt and U Pilatus and A Wigger and M Kramer and H Oelschl{\"a}ger}, journal = {J. Morphol.}, title = {Neuroanatomy of the calf brain as revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging}, abstract = {Here, we want to assess the benefit of high-resolution and high-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detailed documentation of internal brain morphology in formalin-fixed whole head specimens of the full-term calf brain (Bos taurus). Imaging was performed on a Siemens 1.5 T scanner. Optimum contrast was achieved using a 3D sequence with a flip angle of 30 degrees , repetition time (TR) of 20 ms, echo time (TE) of 6.8 ms, and an interpolated matrix of 1024 x 1024. In plane resolution was 0.25 mm. Computer-generated three-dimensional images were reconstructed from the original scans in the coronal plane. This study shows that MRI is capable to identify delicate structures in immature brain specimens. The use of MRI in comparative morphology facilitates the examination of series of brains or brain samples in a reasonable time. The comprehensive description of species- and group-specific brain features in MRI scans of Bos taurus will complement existing data for diagnostic imaging and neuromorphological research, in general, as well as for phylogenetic reconstructions. J. Morphol. 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, affiliation = {Small Animal Clinic, Justus Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.}, note = {evomri}, pages = {}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan}, language = {ENG}, date-added = {2009-05-08 15:15:22 +0200}, date-modified = {2009-05-08 17:04:15 +0200}, doi = {10.1002/jmor.10717}, pmid = {19123244}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Schmidt_2009_Neuroanatomy%20of%20the%20calf%20brain%20as%20revealed%20by%20high-resolution%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p56583}, rating = {0} } @article{Kroenke:2005p33368, author = {Christopher D Kroenke and G Larry Bretthorst and Terrie E Inder and Jeffrey J Neil}, journal = {NeuroImage}, title = {Diffusion MR imaging characteristics of the developing primate brain}, abstract = {Diffusion-based magnetic resonance imaging holds the potential to non-invasively demonstrate cellular-scale structural properties of brain. This method was applied to fixed baboon brains ranging from 90 to 185 days gestational age to characterize the changes in diffusion properties associated with brain development. Within each image voxel, a probability-theory-based approach was employed to choose, from a group of analytic equations, the one that best expressed water displacements. The resulting expressions contain eight or fewer adjustable parameters, indicating that relatively simple expressions are sufficient to obtain a complete description of the diffusion MRI signal in developing brain. The measured diffusion parameters changed systematically with gestational age, reflecting the rich underlying microstructural changes that take place during this developmental period. These changes closely parallel those of live, developing human brain. The information obtained from this primate model of cerebral microstructure is directly applicable to studies of human development.}, affiliation = {Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.}, note = {evomri}, number = {4}, pages = {1205--13}, volume = {25}, year = {2005}, month = {May}, language = {eng}, keywords = {Animals, Papio, Gestational Age, Bayes Theorem, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Image Processing: Computer-Assisted, Algorithms, Anisotropy, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Brain Mapping, Infant: Newborn, Animals: Newborn, Infant: Premature, Models: Neurological}, date-added = {2008-12-03 13:16:20 +0100}, date-modified = {2008-12-03 13:16:37 +0100}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.045}, pii = {S1053-8119(04)00799-2}, pmid = {15850738}, URL = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WNP-4FJXN8V-6&_user=6492750&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=6492750&md5=bbd6cd0fbedd707bd0b6392116433da2}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/Mietchen/Library/Papers/Kroenke_2005_Diffusion%20MR%20imaging%20characteristics%20of%20the%20developing%20primate%20brain-1.pdf}, uri = {papers://F3190F93-871F-483C-B0C3-C310F5BB5399/Paper/p33368}, rating = {4} }