IGEM:IMPERIAL/2007/Projects/Biofilm Detector/TestingValidation

=Infector Detector: Testing/Validation=

 Introduction Specifications Design Modelling Fabrication Testing Data Analysis Validation Notes</li> References</li> </ul> <br style="clear:both">

Simulating Biofilms (Agar with AHL)
Introduction

It is necessary to test the Infector Detector system in an environment similar to that of its intended operation, if not in the environment itself. It was found that biofilms can be modelled by a gel with pore size of 80nm and fiber thickness of 0.6nm 1. Agar gel, prepared at a concentration of 2% by weight has approximately these properties 2. As a preliminary experiment, the viability of agar films and the variability of measurements as a result of their preparation procedure were studied.

It was found that the way the agar is loaded into the wells in the fluorometer plate can affect the results if the loading is not carried out quickly and in such a way that avoids bubbles and ensures complete covering of the bottom of the well.

When using cell extract with Plux construct over the AHL containing agar, if the film contains no bubbles and covers the entire bottom of the well, then it is likely that the results obtained will be accurate enough to plot expression over time for different AHL concentrations. However, even if there is variation in film shape and coverage from well to well, it will probably still be possible to obtain a binary result (expression, or no expression).

The natural progression from this experiment is to attempt expression of GFP, using cell extract containing LuxR and the Plux construct, over agar films containing different concentrations of AHL.

Materials and Methods



An agar gel was prepared at a concentration of 2% (by weight) and with AHL dissolved at different concentrations (3nM, 5nM, 7nM, 10nM). At all times, a water bath at 65&deg;C was used to prevent the gel from setting before it was loaded into the fluorometer plate. 40&mu;l of these gel samples were then pipetted into wells in a 96-well fluorometer plate, according to the diagram on the right. Three of the 10nM AHL agar containing wells were further treated, after setting, with 10&mu;l of 10x diluted stock GFP solution. Additionally, control wells were set up containing: agar without AHL; agar without AHL and with GFP; GFP only; and blanks (empty wells).

The surface tension between plastic and molten agar solution makes it difficult to pipette and spread the gel at the bottom of the wells. Therefore, at least two wells were loaded with each sample, in order to determine the variability of measurements as a result of the well-loading procedure.

Similarly, three wells were loaded only with 10&mu;l of GFP solution. The small volume of the solution made it difficult to spread the solution evenly at the bottom of the plate, and it was necessary to test the variability of results due to the location of the GFP solution droplet varying inside the well. Finally, several empty wells were also measured, in order to look at the background fluorescence in them.

The 96-well plate was then loaded onto the fluorometer and fluorescence was measured with a counting time of 0.6s, with four repeats per well, using a filter for insert wavelength.

Results and Discussion

The average of the four readings for each well was taken, and considered as the result for that well. A group (e.g.: blanks) average was then taken from the set of well results for each group. These are shown on the chart below (bar values). The error bars on the chart are in fact the lowest and highest well averages for that group.



As shown on the bar chart above, wells containing agar only or agar with AHL showed around 5-10 times more fluorescence (around 400 to 700 units) than the empty, or blank, wells (around 71 units). Addition of 10x diluted GFP stock solution to the films increased fluorescence to around 200000-300000 units. The variations in film shape and coverage resulted in differences in fluorescence of up to 50000 units.

This shows that there is a large difference between clear agar films, and those containing GFP solution. Additionally, the GFP signal is very strong and discernible. However, the variability in results arising from the shape and spread of the agar film indicate that comparisons between different well measurements will be difficult to make, especially if time and concentration dependency curves are to be obtained.

This experiment did not test different concentrations of GFP, and therefore it is impossible to draw any conclusions about the concentration of GFP at which the signal can be discerned from agar background fluorescence. If this threshold is to be found, a series of tests at different concentrations of GFP must be carried out, with a larger sampling of wells containing the same amount of agar and GFP solution in order to account for reproducibility.

The three wells containing only 10&mu;l of GFP gave vastly different readings: 3435, 17988, and 33373 units of fluorescence. This shows that, for small volumes, it is difficult to obtain repeatable measurements because the location of the droplet on the well surface affects the reading.

Note that the fluorescence observed for the same volume and concentration of GFP solution over the agar film is almost an order of magnitude higher than that for wells with GFP solution only, even when considering the highest GFP-only reading of 33373 units. This may be because the GFP solution is absorbed and spread over the gel surface, giving the fluorometer light a larger, flatter surface area to reflect upon in comparison to the tiny, almost spherical, droplet of GFP solution found in the wells without the agar film. This has implications for readings made in other experiments - if the volume of solution used is too small so as to not cover the bottom of the well completely, then the results may not be reproducible.

Conclusions

It is possible to create AHL containing agar films at the bottom of the wells in the fluorometer plates. However, care must be taken to ensure that the films completely cover the surface of the bottom of the well and contain no bubbles. Furthermore, in spite of the agar films showing a basal level of fluorescence around 400-700 units, it is possible to discern between films with and without GFP because, at least for high GFP concentrations, the GFP signal will be much stronger.

References
 * 1) 1 Measurement of local diffusion coefficients in biofilms by microinjection and confocal microscopy Dirk de Beer, Paul Stoodley, Zbigniew Lewandowski 1997 Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Volume 53, Issue 2, Pages 151 - 158
 * 2) 2 Determination of agarose gel pore size: Absorbance measurements vis a vis other techniques Janaky Narayanan, Jun-Ying Xiong and Xiang-Yang Liu 2006 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 28 83-86