User:Etchevers/Notebook/Conference notes/2008/07/03

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Martine Le Merrer
Affecting only the cervical vertebrae : Klippel-Feil with or without Sprengel, eg. probably genetically heterogeneous, assoc with translocation 8q22.2-q22.3 Lots of overlap with Wildervranck (not dominant linked to X but predominantly female) and Goldenhar syndromes.
 * Vertebral malformations lecture

Concerns the whole A-P axis, like a craniorachischisis. Mutations in MESP2 and DLL3. The vertebrae are in “galet” shape – flat, smoothened. Can be associated with neural tube defects (NTDs), anal imperforation and heart malformations. Not dysmorphic. Get hemi-vertebrae and short thorax, head in the shoulders. Mostly sporadic. Autosomal dominant (AD) forms are more moderate. DLL# is on 19q31; heterozygous mutations given the same phenotype as hmz Remember that hairy/enhancer-of-split genes repress achaete-scute-like MASH/HASH gene transcription. MESP1 leads to Notch transcription or activation? Which Notch? These mutations are gain-of-function.
 * Spondylocostal dysostosis

Fewer segments, hernias, fused ribs and caudal something. 2q32.1 locus in 2001. May or may not be the same as Jarcho-Levin syndrome. Martine might be doing more with this one. Associated with sacral anomalies, AR eg translocation (6;9)(p12;q12) Futions of dorsal vertebrae at cervical/lumbar levels, with campodactyly – mutations of Filamin B (autosomal dominant) Eye anterior chamber, vertebrae “aile de papillon”, few biliary canals. Pulmonary stenosis and vasculopathy. Jagged-1.
 * Spondylothoracic dysplasia
 * Caamassima
 * Synspondylies
 * Alagille

Short fingers, young face. Del9q or AD or AR – [ROR2 gene. (Isn’t this an orphan receptor? no, it's a co-receptor in the Wnt pathway)] in the AR form the vertebral phenotype is very severe; associated with short distal phalanges. SOX9 – small iliacs? Lower cervicals/upper thoracics – more localized. Also associated with maternal diabetes
 * Robinow syndrome
 * Campomelic dysplasia
 * Caudal malformation syndromes (aside from Currarino)

“Vertebral puzzle” – torticolli and scoliosis. Can get reduced ossification in hypophosphatasia – hydramnios, AR. Variable phenotype. ALPL gene. FGFR3 mutations, thanatophore. H-shaped vertebral bodies – flat and big intervertebral disks. * Fibrochrondrogenesis is very rare with dumbbell shaped metaphyses. Similar vertebral bodies to Schenckenbecken syndrome – SCL35D1. After birth, H-shaped vertebrae also very wide metaphyses in the long bones as well as short diaphyses.
 * Vertebral non-malformations lecture
 * Platyspondylies
 * Kniest syndrome is like the COL2A1 with flat vertebrae and a very long thorax even relative to the short legs, big epiphyses. Metatropic. Similar to the fibrochrondrogenesis though latter has small epiphyses.

Leads to scoliosis, wide intervertebral disks. I wonder if this is a problem of later notochord differentiation? Why does it disappear in the vertebrae and get larger in the intervertebral disks?
 * SPDENC: spondyloenchondromatosis with immune deficit and cerebral calcifications is autosomal recessive.
 * Scheuermann platyspondyly can be late onset and apparent dominant transmission; immune problems can manifest as arthritis.
 * Late spondylepiphseal dysplasia – short trunk, onset at 4-6 y with relative long arms. Xp22 codes for sedlin. It’s not really very epiphyseal and more spondylo-. Compare with brachyolmia with the large vertebrae, a very wide vertebral body past the lateral pedicules.

Pseudoachondroplasia is a “regressive” rather than a “progressive” form, the joint problems get worse but the vertebrae get better (alarming X-rays at birth improve).
 * Morquio. Involvement of cornea, laxity, no mental retardation, the platyspondyly is progressive.

Small occipital hole can manifest as apnea or congenital torticolli, must get X-ray. Any sort of instability affecting the cervical area is worrisome – floppiness can lead to compression. Also applies to Larsen or other dysplasias as well as Morquio. All mucopolysaccharidoses lead to stenosis of occipital foramen. Get lipid/GAG accumulation in meninges and/or in the dura mater. Lead to neurosurgery where rods are placed in neck but that has its own risks – a few anecdotes of successful operations with vascular accidents during recovery leading to the very tetraplegia that they were looking to avoid. Even death. GAG overload leads to cuneiform deformations. Can get compression lower down with a small vertebral canal as in FGFR3 or SHOX mutations.
 * Medullary compression

Lots of causes, also LRP5 gene which leads to an ocular anomaly.
 * Childhood osteoporosis

Condensations of vertebral bodies, chloride channel 7. OC116 In newborn normally see a cleft during the first year that closes called Hann cleft. Can get coronal clefts in Kniest or boys associated with other problems cf. no gene yet known for cerebro-osseous-digital syndrome with icthyosis; cf article Am J Med Genet 2002. COL2A1 is type 2, DTDST is type 1B and type 1A not sure yet. Type 2 is less severe with punctiform vertebral bodies in AD. If a htz mutation can also get incomplete ossification. Also known as (?) spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia).
 * Osteopetroses
 * Achondrogenesis

Can have aspects of ossification defects.
 * Campomelic dysplasia

Proteus syndrome cf the pedicules. Also cf. DTDST sulfate transporter evolutive scoliosis without vertebral body malformations. Problems of “statique” vertebrals (what the heck does that mean? I’m retranscribing my own notes). Also cf. Zn++ transporter SLC39A13 which interacts with the PLOD genes in Ehlers Danlos (cf AM J Hum Genet June 2008).
 * Vertebral hypertrophy

Nicolas Chassaing
100% X-inactivation (instead of 50/50) otherwise in the rest of the females in the family maybe that’s not the case for all tissues. No EBP, cholesterol metab ok. Linkage to pericentric region of 25Mb and Didier is sequencing these. They published the clinical report together in 2004.
 * X-linked dominant transmission family. Proband, hydrocephalus, microphthalmia some dysmorpho, RCIU, severe platyspondyly, little ossification in pubic bone. .. Intervertebral disks are quite abnormal. In this family the girls are just small but one has a hemi-hypERtrophy with one very long leg. On the smaller arm has a hypopigmented region. More or less Blascko, mild RM, like her older sister.

Bertrand Isidor

 * 1st case. Very short club legs equinocavovarus, short thorax, agenesis of lumbar vertebrae as well as medullary and radicular parts. The viscera ok. Segmental spine dysgenesis. Hairy region over back. Spastic paraplegia. Affects upper-mid lumbar regions. Cases sporadic. The spinal cord is absent but was there to begin with and then see the sacrum again (but empty – no medullary cone).


 * 2nd case: spina bifida with LS paraplegic upper body ok but no anal opening. Bifid- duplicated sacrum after T12. 2 kidneys but also 2 vaginas and uteruses. Split notochord/caudal duplication. Methylation of Axin1? Cf [NA Oates 2006]. Mutation or methylation would block this Wnt inhibitor.


 * 3rd case: mother with cleft palate and scoliosis, short neck. Filamin B mutation…possible but thought ok for risk – usually it’s AR – but in fact was a never seen dominant form. Fusion of T8-T11 (in child ) very short IV disks at birth.


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