BE.109:DNA engineering/DNA ligation and bacterial transformation

Introduction
Today you will ligate your linearized plasmid backbone with your PCR product by mixing the two in the presence of ATP and an enzyme, T4 DNA ligase. During the ligation reactions, hydrogen bonds will form between the overhangs on the fragments, and then the ligase will repair the phosphate backbone, creating a stable circular plasmid.



Hopefully, your ligation reactions will generate your desired construct, the pCX-NXX backbone carrying the EGFP gene lacking the first 32 amino acids. You will transform the ligation reactions into bacteria. During “transformation,” a single plasmid from the ligation mixture enters a single bacterium and, once inside, replicates and expresses the genes it encodes. One of the genes on the pCX-NNX plasmid leads to ampicillin-resistance. Thus, a transformed bacterium will grow on agar medium containing ampicillin. Untransformed cells will die before they can form a colony on the agar surface.

Most bacteria do not usually exist in a “transformation ready” state, but the bacteria can be made permeable to the plasmid DNA, and cells that are capable of transformation are referred to as “competent.” Competent cells are extremely fragile and should be handled gently, specifically kept cold and not vortexed. The transformation procedure is efficient enough for most lab purposes, with efficiencies as high as 109 transformed cells per microgram of DNA, but it is important to realize that even with high efficiency cells only 1 DNA molecule in about 10,000 is successfully transformed.



Part 1: Ligation Reactions
For your ligation, you should use 50 to 100 ng of the prepared backbone. The volume needed for this amount can be estimated by comparing the intensity of the purified backbone to the 3 Kb marker, which will have 125 ng of DNA. Once you’ve decided on the volume of backbone to use, choose a volume of prepared PCR product that will give a 1:4 ratio of backbone to insert. You should also set-up two control ligations. The “bkb+insert, no ligase” reaction controls for any errant uncut plasmid that might have wandered into your solutions. The “bkb only, plus ligase” reaction controls for religation of the backbone, from any singly cut plasmids for example.

The contents of each ligation will be

^New England Biolabs sells 10X Ligation buffer to use with their ligase. It contains ATP so must be kept on ice.


 * 1) Assemble the reactions in eppendorf tubes but not in the order listed. Please ask if you are unsure what order to assemble the components.
 * 2) When the ligation mixes are complete, flick the tubes to mix the contents, quick spin them in the microfuge to bring down any droplets, then incubate the reactions at room temperature for at least 10 minutes.

Part 2: Precipitation of DNA
In this step, salts and buffers are removed from the reactions. DNA is precipitated with salt and ethanol. Yeast tRNA is added to the precipitation as “carrier,” allowing you to better visualize the DNA pellets. The salts are washed from the pellets with 70% ethanol. The tRNA is not removed. Rather it enters the bacteria with the ligation DNA, but is then rapidly degraded.


 * 1) Add 20 &mu;l 3M sodium acetate to each tube.
 * 2) Add 5 &mu;l tRNA to each tube.
 * 3) Add 200 &mu;l cold 100% ethanol to each tube and vortex.
 * 4) Spin in a room temperature microfuge 15 minutes. Be sure to orient your tubes in the microfuge so you know where your pellets should be and balance your tubes with those of another group or with a water-filled eppendorf tube.
 * 5) When the spin is done, locate the pellets in each of the eppendorf tubes. They may appear as solid white dots at the bottom corner of the tube or they may appear to be a diffuse white smear along the wall of the tube. Both are OK. Carefully remove the ethanol from the pellets with your P1000, taking care not to disturb the pellet. You do not have to remove every last drop.
 * 6) Wash the pellets with 500 &mu;l cold 70% ethanol. This is done by dribbling the 70% ethanol along the wall of the eppendorf tube that is opposite your pellet and then removing the 70% ethanol with the same pipet tip. Again you should not disturb the pellet and you do not have to remove every drop of liquid in the tube. If the pellet seems to float away from the wall of the tube, you can re-spin the tubes for 2 minutes with the liquid to adhere the pellets to the wall again.
 * 7) Once you have washed all your pellets, give the tubes a quick spin in the microfuge to bring down any droplets of ethanol that cling to the sides of the tube then remove any remaining liquid from the tubes using your P200. Allow your tubes to dry in the hood for 10 minutes. All the ethanol must be removed or evaporated.
 * 8) Resuspend the pellets in 15 &mu;l sterile water. This is done by adding water to the tubes and mixing. If the DNA does not readily go into solution, it helps to heat the DNA in the 42&deg;C heat block, then vortex and pipet up and down several times. Bring any droplets down to the bottom of the tubes with a quick spin in the microfuge.

Part 3: Bacterial Transformations
You will perform 4 bacterial transformations, one for each of the ligation mixtures as well as one transformation with 5 ng of plasmid DNA to assess transformation frequency.


 * 1) Prewarm and dry five LB+AMP plates by placing them in the 37&deg;C incubator, media side up with the lids ajar.
 * 2) Get an aliquot of competent cells from one of the teaching faculty. Keep these cells on ice at all times. There should be at least 200 &mu;l of cells in each tube. Aliquot 50 &mu;l of cells into 4 clean eppendorf tubes.
 * 3) Add DNA to each tube of cells as shown in the table below.
 * 4) Flick to mix the contents and leave the tubes on ice for at least 5 minutes.
 * 5) Heat shock the cells at 42&deg;C for 90 seconds exactly. Use your timer.
 * 6) Move the samples to a rack on your bench then use your P1000 to add 0.5 ml of LB media to each eppendorf tube. Invert each tube to mix.
 * 7) Plate 200 &mu;l of each transformation mix on LB+AMP plates, plating the bkb+insert transformation twice. Note: After passing the glass spreader through the alcohol burner and letting the ethanol burn off, the spreader may still be very hot, and it is advisable to tap it gently on a portion of the agar plate without cells in order equilibrate it with the agar (and if it sizzles, it's way too hot).  Once the plates are done, wrap them with colored tape and incubate them in the 37&deg;C incubator overnight. One of the teaching faculty will remove them from the incubator and set up liquid cultures for you to use next time.

DONE!

For next time
Questions 1 and 2 are theoretical but they should help prepare you to interpret the results you will collect next time.

1. You have purchased some supercompetent bacteria that are provided at a transformation efficiency of 109 colony forming units/ug of DNA. You transform the cells with 1 ng of plasmid DNA and plate 1/1000th of the cells. How many colonies do you expect? Next you transform another aliquot of cells, also at 109 colony forming units/ug of DNA, with 2 &mu;l of plasmid DNA. You spread 1/100th of the cells and find 50 colonies growing on the plate after 24 hours at 37&deg;C. What is the concentration of plasmid?

2. To illustrate your understanding and the importance of the controls you performed today, please write a one-sentence interpretation for each of the following transformation outcomes. There may be more than one valid interpretation for some of the data (only one answer for each is required for the assignment).

3. Next time you will prepare DNA from four transformants and begin to characterize the plasmids in these bacteria. Using the plasmid map you drew after Module 1 Day 1, plan at least two restriction digests that will confirm the presence of the PCR insert. It will help to read the introduction for Module 1 Day 5 before you complete this part of the assignment. Be sure to predict the size of the fragments you expect when the plasmid does and doesn’t have the PCR insert. Also include reaction conditions such as buffer and temperature. Use the NEB website for details on various enzymes and reaction conditions (http://www.neb.com).

T4 DNA Ligase Buffer (1X)

 * 50 mM Tris-HCl
 * 10 mM MgCl2
 * 10 mM DTT
 * 1 mM ATP
 * 25 &mu;g/ml BSA

LB

 * 1% Tryptone
 * 0.5% Yeast Extract
 * 1% NaCl

LB+AMP plates

 * LB with 2% agar and 100 &mu;g/ml Ampicillin