BISC110: Series 1 Lab 2 Tetrahymena Behavior

Objectives: In this lab you will learn:

 * 1) Preparation of solutions
 * 2) Scientific observation
 * 3) Measurement of specimens using the micrometer
 * 4) Hypothesis generation
 * 5) Experimental design

Series 1 Lab 2 Tetrahymena behavior
Adapted from Bozzone, M.D., and D.A. Martin 2000. An experimenal system to study phagocytosis. Pages 405-415, in Tested studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 21 (S.J. Karcher, Editor). Proceedings of the 21st Workshop/Conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE).

In this laboratory, you will be making dilutions of a stock solution of ink and use these dilutions to study the effect of ink on Tetrahymena behavior. The instructions in this lab are intentionally vague so that you will have the opportunity to make scientific observations and develop your own ideas. You will also learn some of the ways that scientific data are evaluated and presented.

PART I: INK AND TETRAHYMENA BEHAVIOR
You will be provided with India ink and live Tetrahymena for this lab. After making the appropriate ink solutions, you will add 1% ink to the Tetrahymena and make observations. Based on your careful observations, you will design an experiment to study how the ink affects Tetrahymena behavior.

A. PREPARATION OF INK SOLUTIONS

A stock solution of India ink is located on your bench in a microcentrifuge tube. Using the India ink and sterile water, prepare 1.0mL each of a 10%, 5% and 1% ink solution. The 1% ink solution will be used in part B, and all three ink solutions will be used in part C. Check your calculations with your instructor before preparing the ink solutions.

B. OBSERVATIONS OF TETRAHYMENA AND THE 1% INK SOLUTION

1. In a microcentrifuge tube, add 50 &#956;l of the 1% ink solution and then add 50 &#956;l of live Tetrahymena. Mix gently and record the time. Calculate the final concentration of ink and record in your lab notebook.

2. Add 20 &#956;l of the Tetrahymena and 1% ink solution to a glass slide, add a cover slip and view using the microscope. Record your observations. You may need to adjust the field diaphragm to see the cellular structures clearly.

3. Do you notice any change in the coloration of the Tetrahymena? Be sure to note the time as soon as you notice a change. Continue observing the Tetrahymena at 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Record your observations in your lab notebook.

4. Put on a pair of gloves. After 15 minutes, add 20 &#956;l of the Tetrahymena and ink solution to a clean labeled microcentrifuge tube. IN THE HOOD, add 10 &#956;l of 3% gluteraldehyde to your Tetrahymena and ink solution. The gluteraldehyde will fix the cells, allowing you to observe the Tetrahymena in more detail. Still in the hood, add 20 &#956;l of the resulting 30 &#956;l mixture to a glass slide and place a cover slip on top. The glass slide containing fixed Tetrahymena can now be removed from the hood and observed under a microscope.

5. Count the number of visible structures in 10 individual Tetrahymena and record this information in your lab notebook.

6. Using the micrometer, measure the size of any clearly visible stained structures inside the Tetrahymena. Measure at least 1 visible structure from at least 5 individual Tetrahymena. Check with your instructor to be sure that you are measuring the correct structures. How do you think these structures formed?

7. Use a digital camera to take pictures of the fixed Tetrahymena. For at least one photographed cell, be sure to note the size of the cell and one clearly visible structure. Please refer to Appendix J for detailed camera instructions. When you are done with the slide containing gluteraldehyde, place it in the waste container in the hood.

C. HYPOTHESIS GENERATION AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Based on your observations of Tetrahymena in the presence of 1% ink, come up with a hypothesis and design an experiment aimed at exploring the effect of ink concentration on Tetrahymena behavior. You can use the 10%, 5% and 1% ink solutions that you prepared previously. Be sure to include appropriate controls. How many cells do you think you should count? How many replicates should you include? Please read PART II: DATA ANALYSIS and talk to your instructor before you finalize your experimental design.

PART II: DATA ANALYSIS
You will now have the opportunity to present your experimental data in the form of a figure. We will first discuss some important concepts in data analysis.

A. ACCURACY AND PRECISION

When carrying out an experiment, it is important to do the experiment more than one time to be sure that your measurements are accurate and as precise as possible. Accuracy is the degree of agreement between the measured value of a particular component and the accepted true value. Precision is defined as the degree of agreement between replicate measurements of the same component. Precise measurements do not necessarily indicate accurate measurements. Figure 1 uses targets to illustrate the difference between accuracy and precision. If the bull’s eyes in the targets below represent the true value, then the darts that are the closest to the center of the target are the most accurate. Darts that are not near the center of the target are not accurate even though they may be very closely grouped together indicating good precision. Finally, the darts that are not near the center or grouped together are neither accurate nor precise. Measured values that are both accurate and precise are the goal of all analytical procedures.



As with all analogies, the one above does not address an important issue that comes up in scientific experimentation. For example, when you observed the Tetrahymena after 30 minutes in the 1% ink solution, did each of the 10 cells that you counted have the same number of visible structures? If not, were you inaccurate or imprecise in your data collection? Or, is it possible that another factor accounted for the data you collected? Do you expect every individual Tetrahymena to behave the same in the presence of ink? Why or why not?

B. STATISTICAL PARAMETERS

For various reasons, replicate analytical measurements do not always result in exactly identical values, and so statistical calculations are often used to evaluate analytical data. The validity of these calculations is linked to the number of replicate measurements, so a high number of measured values will yield the most valid statistical evaluation. A short explanation of several elementary statistical parameters on replicate measurements are provided below.

1. Median Value

If all the replicate values for a series of measurements were ordered from the lowest value to the highest value, then the midpoint value is the median. For example, if a series of measured millimolar (mM) concentrations of NaCl are 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.5, and 10.7mM, the median value would be 10.3mM.

2.	Range of Values

The range is the difference between the highest measured value and the lowest measured value in a series of replicate measurements, and is a simple indicator of precision. A wide range in replicate measured values indicates poor precision. The range is calculated by subtracting the lowest replicate value from the highest. For the above concentrations of NaCl, the range would be calculated as:



3.	Mean Value The mean value is simply the arithmetic average of all the replicate values, and is generally considered to be more accurate than any individual measured value. The mean is calculated by adding all the measured values and dividing by the number of measured values or sample size. The mean value is represented mathematically as:



The mean of the NaCl concentrations from step #1 is calculated as follows:



4. Standard Deviation

The standard deviation is a measure of how spread out or variable the values are. The standard deviation is calculated by subtracting the mean from each value and then squaring and summing these values. The resulting value is divided by n-1, where n is the number of values. The square root of these values is the standard deviation. The standard deviation is represented mathematically as:



The standard deviation of the sodium chloride values is calculated as follows:



C. DATA PRESENTATION

The data generated from your experiment can be presented as a bar graph. Using Excel, you will be able to plot the number of visible structures per cell on the Y axis and the ink concentration on the X axis. Begin by determining the mean and standard deviation for the number of structures seen at each ink concentration. Generate a graph similar to the one shown in Figure 2 and include it in your lab notebook. It is ok if you need to make a slightly different graph because you designed your experiment differently. IMPORTANT NOTE: The data in Fig 2 is hypothetical, so it is ok if your data is not consistent with the Fig 2 data. See Appendix A for instructions.



PART III: GROUP DISCUSSION AND HYPOTHESIS GENERATION
You will now have time to discuss your ink concentration experiment and begin to design a new experiment for Lab 3. Your instructor will provide you with the materials you need.

Laboratory Cleanup
1.	Place used microcentrifuge tubes that do not contain gluteraldehyde in autoclave bags taped above your bench. Place used tips that do not contain gluteraldehyde in the trash container on your bench.

2.	Clean the objective lenses of your microscope, beginning with the lowest power (4x) and proceeding to the highest. Use lens tissue (NOT Kimwipes®). Make sure that there there is NO oil on any lens.

3.	Rotate the 4x objective lens into the locked viewing position.

4.	The binocular head must be rotated into the storage position, to protect the ocular lenses from damage. Loosen the setscrew on the right, rotate the head 180°, then retighten the screw. Turn off the microscope light. Return the microscope to the cabinet under your bench with its plastic cover on.

5.	Put all used microscope slides and cover slips that do not contain gluteraldehyde in the glass disposal box. Slides containing gluteraldehyde can be disposed of in the waste container located in the hood.

6.   Any microcentrifuge tubes containing gluteraldehyde should be disposed of in the hood.

ASSIGNMENTS
1.	Make sure that you understand the material covered in Lab 2.

2.	Finalize your experimental design for Lab 3 and email a detailed protocol to your instructor before the next lab.

3.	Generate two figures from your ink concentration experiment. The first figure should include one or more photographs of Tetrahymena and the second figure should contain a graph of the data. Both figures should include figure legends. In the Resources section of the lab wiki to find the Guide to Scientific Writing. Refer to the sections on figures and legends for help. The Wellesley College Computing website has directions for downloading software, such as Photoshop, as well as directions for using it to edit your digital photos. The link for PCs (search under P for Photoshop after getting to the page) is http://www.wellesley.edu/Computing/pc.html and for Mac OS operating systems it's http://www.wellesley.edu/Computing/macintosh.html.