BISC209/S12: Lab2

LAB 2: Enumerating Microbial Members & Isolating Bacterial Members of a Soil Community
Today you complete your first investigative goal in our semester long project: assessing abundance of a soil microbial community by enumerating its microbes by two methods, one culture dependent and one culture independent. Today you will also continue acquiring and practicing skills used by working microbiologists. In addition, you will continue experiments along our other lines of investigation, specifically, our culture-dependent approach to isolating a few bacteria of interest from your soil community in order to provide examples of richness and community co-operative and competitive behavior.You will continue the process of selection and isolation to pure culture of a few of those bacteria for the next several weeks. Next week we will begin our experiments on the whole community of soil microbes: a community level, culture dependent assessment of a few aspects of richness and cooperative and competitive behavior.

Finishing the Standard Plate Count of Culturable Soil Microbial Community
Activity: Last week you started a standard plate count of the culturable microbes in your soil sample. Today you will complete that plate count to get one kind of enumeration of the microorganisms in your soil community. Find a plate that contains 30-300 colonies (there should be only one if you did your 10 fold serial dilution correctly). If it is clear that a culture plate has well over 300 colonies or under 30, designate it as "invalid" in your lab notebook. Count all the surface and subsurface colonies on the selected plate. The colonies can be more easily counted by using a Quebec Colony Counter which allows proper illumination, a grid overlay and by slight magnification of the plate surface. (There are two colony counters in the lab.) 

Calculating the number of bacteria per gram of soil If you divide the number of colonies counted by the amount of inoculum plated times the dilution factor of that plate, you will obtain the number of cultivatable bacteria per gram of soil.  number CFU/(dilution plated*dilution factor) = number of CFU/gram

For example, if you counted 150 colonies on the 10-6 plate the calculation is:  150/(0.1ml inoculum*1X10-6dilution)= 150X107 which in scientific notation is written as 1.5X109 CFU/gram 

Record the number of CFU/ gram of wet soil''' in your lab notebook and on the course spreadsheet on the instructor's computer at the front of the lab. Also add your data to the chalkboard for comparison with the other soil sampling sites. Note that this number is colony forming units/ gram WET soil.'''

'''Soil bacteria are usually not recorded as number of colony forming units in 1 gram of WET soil but instead as per gram of DRY weight. ''' Therefore, you will need to figure out your counts as DRY weight. Please weigh each of the three 1 gram samples that you left last week for oven drying. Average the new dry weights. The weights should be considerably less than 1 gram. 

Determine the % change in soil weight by subtracting the average dry weight from 1 g wet weight divided by the wet weight, then times 100. 

[(wet weight - dry weight)/wet weight] * 100 = % change

Use this % change to convert the CFU per gram wet soil to CFU per gram dry soil. For example: If your dry weight soil averages 0.75 grams, then (1g-0.75g)/1g * (100) = 25% change. The number of microbes should be 25% higher than the number calculated above/gram of wet weight. Calculate 25% (or whatever your conversion factor is) of your CFUs and add that number to the CFUs/ gram of wet weight soil. 

Record the number of CFU/ gram DRY weight soil in your lab notebook. If you are unsure of the accuracy of your calculations of CFUs per gram of wet soil weight and per gram of dry weight, check with your instructor. You will need accurate counts to set up community profiling analyses in LAB3.

Things to Consider: Why did we perform so many dilutions when we set up our plate count in Lab 1? Why should you only have one plate with 30-300 colonies?

Seal the edges with parafilm of the dilute nutrient agar plate that your group counted and store the plate in the cold room. Don't discard the other culture plates of dilute NA and NA + starch. You and your partners will examine them later to locate a diverse set of interesting bacterial colonies to try to isolate to pure culture as examples of bacteria in your diverse soil community.

Enumeration of Community Soil Microorganisms by Direct Count of Microbial Genomes Stained & Viewed by Fluorscence Microscopy
You can directly count a random sample of microbes from the soil extract that you prepared last week and extrapolate the number per gram of soil. To make the microbes easier to count, your lab instructors stained the nucleic acids of your soil community microbes (not just the bacteria) with a fluorescent 4'-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) DNA stain. All the microbes in a 1ml aliquot of the 1% soil extract that you prepared last week were transferred in a Poisson distribution to a small piece of filter paper (Remember the microfuge tube of 1ml of 1% soil extract that you gave your instructor last week?). She viewed the fluorescent genomes of these microbes as discreet blue "spots" using fluorescence microscropy and she photographed the them. These photomicrographs will be made available to you and your partners today. In lab today you will each count the discreet "spots" and perform the calculations described below to assess the total microbial concentration in this culture-independent enumeration of your soil community's microorganisms. Compare this number to the calculation of CFUs/gram of wet soil (a culture-dependent assessment) that you will also obtain today. Compare the two counts that, in theory, should be the same since we are using two methods to figure out the same thing: how many microbes per gram compose your soil community. The answer will provide evidence for one of our investigative goals: abundance in your soil microbial community. What does it mean if your two experimental methods don't give the same answer? <BR><BR>

DIRECT COUNT OF MICROBIAL GENOMES USING DAPI DNA: PROTOCOL <BR> '''NOTE: The staining and imaging were performed by your lab instructor last week according to the protocol described below (provided here for reference only). YOU WILL NOT PERFORM THIS IN LAB!'''<BR> DAPI aqueous solution Stock conc. is 1mg/ml : 4'-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) is known to form fluorescent complexes with natural double-stranded DNA.<BR> <BR>
 * 1) Add 1 μL DAPI stock stain to 1mL of a fresh 1% diluted soil extract so that the effective concentration of DAPI is 1μg/mL.
 * 2) Incubate at 4°C for 20 min.
 * 3) Set up a vacuum flask and filter apparatus (125 ml side-arm flask, Borosilicate base and fritted glass filter support with rubber stopper)
 * 4) Carefully place a 0.2μM glass fiber filter (Isopore membrane GTTP02500) onto the fritted glass filter support.
 * 5) Add the borosilicate glass funnel onto the base and clamp the two section together using an anodized aluminum spring clamp.
 * 6) Rinse the filter once with 1 mL sterile deionized water using a vacuum pump to provide 178mm Hg of force.  Wait until all the water is removed.
 * 7) Turn off the vacuum, gently break the vacuum by loosening the rubber stopper, reassemble, and carefully transfer the 1mL of DAPI stained extract (made in step 1) onto the 0.2μM glass fiber filter.
 * 8) Turn the vacuum on and wait until all the solution is filtered.
 * 9) Dissassmeble the funnel and gently break the vacuum by loosening the rubber stopper.
 * 10) Use forceps to carefully remove the wet filter and place it on a microscope slide.
 * 11) Add a coverslip and 1 drop of Fluoro-Gel with Tris buffer (Electron Microscopy Sciences Cat #17985).
 * 12) Use the Nikon Eclipse 80i flourescent in L318C to view and photograph the DNA at 1000x magnification.
 * 13) Use the Nikon NIS-Elements Imaging software, to photograph a field of view in white light, save this image, then do the same using the UV light at 350nm excitation wavelength (filter #1).
 * 14) Count the unique spots of blue fluorescence; each indicates a soil microbe's genetic material (chromosome or nucleus). It is assumed that the bacteria are arranged in a Poisson distribution. For the most accurate counts, 20 fields or 400 bacteria should be enumerated to determine the number of bacteria per ml. (Remember that 1ml =1gm.) <BR><BR>

COUNTING & CALCULATIONS:<BR> Each member of your soil sampling group will use a different photomicrograph of a representative field of view (photos provided by your lab instructor) to count the fluorescent "dots" (microbes) and calculate the number or organisms in 1 ml (1ml=1gm) of soil. The area of each field of view at 1000X using the Fluorescent scope is 10487μmeters2. The diameter of the filterable section of the borosilicate apparatus is 17 mm (8500μmeter radius). So the area is about 2.269 X 108μmeter2. Multiply the number you counted on the photomicrograph by a factor of 2.16X104 (2.269 X 108μm2 divided by 1.0487 x 104μmeters2) to determine the number of organisms found in 1mL of filtrate of extract. Then correct for the 1:100 dilution factor for the number of organisms in 1 gram of wet soil. Can you convert this to the number of organisms in the community in 1 gram of dry weight? <BR><BR>

Post to the spread sheet on the instructor's computer and on the board (all calculations must also be in your lab notebook!) the average of the counts from these culture dependent and your culture independent enumerations. Report them as the estimated number of microorganisms in 1gm of wet weight soil and 1gm of dry weight soil. Record these numbers in your lab notebook in scientific notation and as numbers with an amazing number of zeros. Consider the relative insignificance of one gram of anything and the enormity of the number of microbes that thrive in a gram of soil! How is it possible that each of the microbial members of such a soil community can find a niche, obtain all the nutrients needed to grow and reproduce, and contribute to overall health of the soil and to the community of microorganisms? <BR><BR>

Now that we have some sense of the abundance of microbes in a soil community we can move on to investigating the richness (diversity) and the co-operative and competitive behaviors that maintain it.

Adapted from Schallenberg, M., Jacob, F. and Joseph B. R. (1989) Solutions to Problems in Enumerating Sediment Bacteria by direct counts. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. p. 1214-1219.<BR><BR>

Using General Purpose & Enrichment/Selective Media for Isolation and Identification of Soil Bacteria in a Mixed Population
Please watch the YouTube video on streaking for isolation and pay attention to your instructor's demonstration: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyoW18Fzb3o<BR> Directions for Streaking for Isolation are found in the  Protocols section of this wiki. <BR><BR>

Streaking for Isolation from a Dried Soil Extract:<BR> Each team of students will make a soil extract from one gram of their oven dried soil sample. <li>After recording the weight of the individual aluminum weigh boats, combine the dry soil into one weighing boat, mix gently, and then weigh out 1 gram of the mixed oven dried soil on waxed weighing paper. <li>Add the 1g of mixed dried soil to 100ml of sterile water. This is the equivalent to a 1/100 dilution. <li>Put the soil suspension in a pre-disinfected blender jar, as you did last week, and blend at highest speed for 3 pulses of 10 seconds each. <li>Pour the blended suspension back into the Erylenmyer flask and add the stir bar. <li>Put the flask on a magnetic stirrer and allow the soil to stir for 15-30 minutes and to settle for an additional 15-30 minutes. <li>Each teammate will use this soil extract to streak for isolation onto one Glycerol yeast agar plate as described in the following section called Enrichment & Isolation of Endospore-forming Bacteria. <li> Note that using liquid SOIL EXTRACT as your inoculum is analogous to using a broth culture source, you should follow the steps carefully for Broth to Plate transfer found in  Aseptic Transfer and in  Streaking for Isolation, both found in the  Protocols section of this wiki. <BR><BR>

Aseptic transfer and streaking for isolation are crucially important skills in microbiology. When you are ready to streak out your first plate (after you have read the directions carefully, asked questions to clarify any confusion, and practiced your best technique on an empty plate or piece of paper), call your instructor over and ask her to watch you streak out your first plate. She will give you pointers to enhance your success at repeating this technique on a second plate. Your goal is to have well-separated single colonies when you evaluate your streaked plates next week. Label the plates with your initials, date, lab section, soil sample identifier information, and medium name. Incubate one plate at room temp and one plate at 30C in the racks assigned to your group or Lab section. <BR><BR>

Enrichment & Isolation of endospore-forming bacteria from oven dried soil extract on Glycerol Yeast Extract Medium: <BR>0.5% (v/v) Glycerol, 0.2% Yeast Extract, 0.1%K2HPO4(Dipotassium phosphate), 1.5% Agar''' <BR> (Endospore forming genera include Bacillus and Streptomyces as well as other members of the Actinomycetes family'' <BR><BR>

Each student will use a new sterile cotton swab dipped into their oven-dried soil extract to set up an enrichment/selection culture for spore-forming bacteria. Oven drying will have killed most of the vegetative non-spore forming microbes. GYE medium is particularly selective for the Streptomyces group of endospore formers because of the osmotic pressure obtained from the high concentration of glycerol. Few bacteria can thrive in GYE except for members of the Streptomyces group of Gram positive bacteria. <BR><BR> Each student will inoculate a plate of glycerol yeast extract agar (GYEA) following the directions below (also found in the Enrichment Media for the Isolation of Soil Bacteria in a Mixed Population: Finding Spore Forming Bacteria in the Protocols: Culture Media section of this wiki). <BR><BR> Isolation of Spore-formers:<BR> Swab section 1 of a pre-labeled plate of glycerol yeast medium (GYEA) using your best isolation streak technique Allow the inoculum in section 1 to absorb into the agar before you switch to your inoculating loop to streak into section 2.<ul> <Li>Follow the steps for Streaking for Isolation in the  Protocols section of this wiki. Use your loop to streak sections 2-4. <li>Invert, and incubate the plate at RT. <li>Check your plate for colonies daily and record your descriptions of the texture and shape of the colonies that appear. If any colonies arise that look tough and leathery or appear as "little, powdered-sugar volcanos", use the tip of a sterile toothpick to pick up a small but visible amount of growth (being careful not to touch anything but the tip of the colony) and "spread" the bacterial growth onto section 1 of a new glycerol yeast plate. (Inoculate one colony/plate.) Use your loop to isolation streak sections 2-4. Don't forget to flame your loop between sections! <li>We will select colonies of other potential spore-forming bacteria in lab 3. </ul><BR><BR>

Over the next few weeks you will continue to sub-culture onto new plates, using your best isolation streak technique. Your goal is to continue to streak out ONE CFU until you are sure that all the bacterial growth in a colony comes from a single mother cell (pure culture). In subsequent labs you will make a bacterial smear and do a Gram stain of these genetically identical bacteria and you will perform other tests from freshly pure cultures to explore the physical and metabolic characteristics of this isolate. <BR><BR>

Streptomycetes and other Actinomyces bacteria often form tough leathery colonies, so transfer of these bacteria to new media to start a sub-culture is sometimes difficult. The powdery area may be spores. Take a sample from this area, if possible. In any case, try to "break off" a piece of the colony with your sterile loop or with a sterile toothpick and transfer that whole piece of a colony onto zone one of the new plate. Then use your loop for streaking out the other zones. The tiny spores on the surface of the colony are likely to transfer to the next plate or tube when you work with it. (That's a good thing this time.) <BR><BR>

Your team will obtain additional Streaking for Isolation practice by following the directions for SECONDARY ENRICHMENT and ISOLATION using the broth culture and the spread plates that you inoculated with your soil extract last week. This process will continue your attempt to find a diverse group of nitrogen cycling and other interesting bacteria in your soil community. You and your teammates should divide up the work described below and in the Enrichment Media for the Isolation of Soil Bacteria in a Mixed Population.<BR><BR> The directions for Aseptic transfer: Broth to Broth and Broth to Plate are found in the  Protocols section of the wiki. <BR>

<BR> Finding Nitrogen Cyclying Bacteria<BR> 'Nitrogen Fixers: Using Azotobacter'' Nitrogen Free Medium: <BR>0.08%K2HPO4; 0.02%KH2PO4, 0.02% MgSO4 0.01% CaSO4; 0.0015% FeSO4/7H2O; 0.00025% g MoO3; 0.5% mannitol.''' <BR> Note that this medium contains no nitrogen and only one carbon source (mannitol). Microorganisms that can't use mannitol for all of their carbon needs and that can't fix nitrogen from the atmosphere to synthesize proteins and other required nitrogen containing compounds will not grow on this medium. Those that can, such as the Azotobacter group will be selected.<BR><BR> Secondary Enrichment and Isolation for Nitrogen Fixers:<ul> <li>Secondary enrichment:<BR><ul> Each group should take a loopful of the slime from the pellicle (media surface) or from the side of the tube and place it into 1 ml of sterile water in a small tube. Cap the small tube and place the capped tube into an empty 16 mm tube. <LI>Vortex the big tube to disperse the sample in the small tube. (Vortexing in this way helps break up the other microbes that will be embedded in the slimy material. The other microbes are taking advantage of the by-products of Nitrogen compounds excreted by the N2 fixers. ) <LI>Each student should isolation streak from that tube of vortexed slime onto two plates of Azotobacteria agar medium suspension, using your best isolation streak technique. (Follow the protocol in Streaking for Isolation ). <LI> Incubate one streak plate at room temp and the other at 30 °C. </LI></UL></ul> Isolation:<BR> Watch for the appearance of isolated, slimy colonies on either plate.

Continue to isolation streak to make sub-cultures onto fresh Azotobacter medium or on NA until you are sure that you have a pure isolate. Note that your bacteria will probably grow better on NA and it is fine to switch to nutrient agar after the initial selection. <BR><BR> To differentiate Azotobacter from other Nitrogen Fixing bacteria that will grow on this medium: Azotobacter colony morphology should appear different from the colony morphology of other nitrogen fixing bacteria when streaked onto nutrient agar. Streak well isolated colonies from Azotobacter medium onto different nutrient agar plates and incubate them at room temperature. If more than one type of colony appears on the NA plate, then keep separating them onto new NA plates until you have pure cultures. Remember that Azotobacters appear slimy on Azotobacter medium but many not on NA.<BR><BR> Characterization:<BR> Once you believe you have one or more pure isolate, continue to subculture onto fresh NA or Azotobacter medium each week, using your best isolation streak technique. In a later lab you will make a bacterial smear and do a Gram stain and other tests to explore the physical and metabolic characteristics of your nitrogen fixing bacteria.</UL> <BR><BR>

Streaking for Isolation from Mixed Cultures on Solid Media<BR> You will also practice streaking for isolation from mixed cultures on the solid media (Simmons Citrate, NA + starch, and dilute NA) that you inoculated last week onto new undilute NA solid medium today. Doing streaking for isolation properly is one of a microbiologist's most important skills so read the directions carefully and follow them exactly. Those directions can be found in Plate to Plate transfer found in  Aseptic Transfer and in  Streaking for Isolation, both found in the  Protocols section of this wiki. <BR><BR>

Finding Nitrogen Cycling Bacteria: Bacteria that can Extract Nitrogen from Ammonium Compounds<BR> Ammonium & Citrate Users: Using Simmons Citrate Medium: <BR> 0.02% MgSO4(Magnesium Sulfate), 0.1% NH4H2PO4(monoammonium phosphate), 0.1% K2HPO4(dipotassium phosphate), 0.2% C6H5Na3O7(sodium citrate), 0.5% NaCl(sodium chloride), 2.5% agar, 0.008% C27H27Br2O5SNa(bromothymol blue) at pH6.9 <BR><BR> Simmons Citrate Medium selects for microorganisms that can utilize citrate as their sole source of carbon in a medium containing inorganic ammonium salts as its only source of nitrogen. In 1923 an investigator named Koser invented a broth medium in which ammonium phosphate supplied the only source of nitrogen and each organic acid was added individually, allowing the introduction of carbon utilization as a diagnostic aid. Later, an investigator named Simmons converted Koser’s liquid medium to a solid by the addition of agar and added an indicator system by incorporating bromthymol blue. The exact nature of the alkaline reaction produced by the organisms that are able to use citrate as their sole source of carbon is poorly understood. It appears that the alkaline reaction that gives the color change characteristic of a positive Simmons-Citrate test most likely occurs when excess CO2 is generated when citrate is cleaved to form oxaloacetate. This by product is then decarboxylated to pyruvic acid and CO2. The excess CO2 combines with sodium and water to form sodium carbonate. Note that bacteria that utilize citrate in this way are able to extract nitrogen from ammonium phosphate in the medium, resulting in the production of ammonia which combines with water to form NH4OH. These reactions in combination produce an alkaline pH (greater than 7.6), resulting in a color change in the indicator from green to blue. Some members of the generaKlebsiellain the Entrobacteriacea family are Simmons Citrate positive.<BR><BR>

Isolation of Ammonium & Citrate Users from Simmons Citrate Selective Medium:<BR> Look at the Simmons Citrate spread plates on which you cultured your 1% soil extract and other dilutions. Do you have colonies? If so, you already know some important characteristics of the bacteria that are growing on this medium. <ul> <li> Make observations in your lab notebook about the appearance and color of any colonies growing on your Simmons Citrate plates. Count the colonies on one of the plates and using a Sharpie number the different appearing ones on the bottom of the plate or give them code names (your initial and a number or a more creative coding scheme. <li> Each teammate should try to isolate a different looking colony from any of your Simmons Citrate plates (any color). Parafilm and save any plate that contains a colony you or your teammates are attempting to isolate. Store this plate(s) in the refrigerator. <li> Obtain a new sterile Nutrient Agar plate (one for each student in your group). <li> Each student should use her flame sterilized and cooled loop and touch it to the center of the colony on Simmons Citrate that you are attempting to isolate. DO NOT touch anything on this plate other than the desired colony. <li>Follow the directions carefully that are found in Streaking for Isolationin the  Protocols section of this wiki. Transfer bacteria from this colony to the O zone of a new NA plate. <li> Flame and cool your loop before going back into sequential inoculated zones to transfer fewer and fewer bacteria as you streak each zone. <li> Your goal is to end with well isolated single colonies that grow from a single bacterium (all genetically identical) on nutrient agar (NA). It will probably take several transfers over the next few weeks to take a CFU from this original selective medium plate and grow bacteria from it in pure culture on nutrient agar.

</li></ul> <BR><BR>

Finding and Isolating Other interesting Bacteria to Pure Culture on Nutrient Agar (NA): <BR> Beef extract 3.0g/L, Peptone 5.0g/L, Agar 15.0g/L; Deionized water to 1 L at pH 6.6- 7.0 at 25°C or NA + 0.3-1% starch<BR> Nutrient Agar is a rich, general purpose medium. It is not used for enrichment or selection although not all microorganisms will grow on it. Those that won't are considered, with great variability, "fastidious". NA + starch is similarly non-selective and should grow the same microorganisms that grow on NA although you may find that the addition of starch encourages interesting pigmentation to some colonies.<BR> You and your partners should spend time observing and making notes in your notebook about the variety of bacterial colonies growing on these media. Each of you should choose one or two different looking colonies to attempt to isolate in pure culture on NA. <ul> <li>Number on the bottom of the plate or use a code for the colonies each member of your group selects. <li>Parafilm and save these plates in the refrigerator in your group's rack. <li>Follow the directions carefully that are found in Streaking for Isolationin the  Protocols section of this wiki. Transfer bacteria from one of your selected colonies to the O zone of a new NA plate. <li> Flame and cool your loop before going back into sequential inoculated zones to transfer fewer and fewer bacteria as you streak each zone of the new plate. <li> Your goal is to end with well isolated single colonies that grow from a single bacterium (all genetically identical) on nutrient agar (NA). It will probably take several transfers over the next few weeks to take a CFU from this original selective medium plate and grow bacteria from it in pure culture on nutrient agar. </ul> <BR><BR> The complete procedures for Enrichment and Isolation of Selected Bacteria are described in  Enrichment Media for the Isolation of Soil Bacteria in a Mixed Population protocols). <BR><BR> For more information about culture characteristics of Azotobacter refer to on-line reference books such The Prokaryotes or Bergeys (link for access in the Resources section of the wiki. For an online example of images of colonies and stained cells of Azotobacter vinelandii http://inst.bact.wisc.edu/inst/index.php?module=book&func=displayarticle&art_id=274

LAB NOTEBOOK CHECK & Group Activity on Enrichment/Selection/Differentiation of Selected Microorganisms
Your lab instructor will check your notebook today (not graded) and make suggestions for improvement. She will give your soil sampling group a "quiz" to complete as a group. This "quiz" tests your understanding of how physical and metabolic variation among soil community microorganisms allows certain of them to be separated and differentiated from others.

CLEAN UP
1. All culture plates that you are finished with should be discarded in the big orange autoclave bag near the sink next to the instructor table. Ask your instructor whether or not to save stock cultures and plates with organisms that are provided.<BR><BR>

2. Culture plates, stocks, etc. that you are not finished with should be labeled on a piece of your your team color tape. Place the labeled cultures in your lab section's designated area in the incubator, the walk-in cold room, or at room temp. in a labeled rack. If you have a stack of plates, wrap a piece of your team color tape around the whole stack.

3. Remove tape from all liquid cultures in glass tubes. Then place the glass tubes with caps in racks by the sink near the instructor's table. Do not discard the contents of the tubes. <BR><BR>

4. Glass slides or disposable glass tubes can be discarded in the glass disposal box.<BR><BR>

5. Make sure all contaminated, plastic, disposable, serologic pipets and used contaminated micropipet tips are in the small orange autoclave bag sitting in the plastic container on your bench.<BR><BR>

6. If you used the microscope, clean the lenses of the microscope with lens paper, being very careful NOT to get oil residue on any of the objectives other than the oil immersion 100x objective. Move the lowest power objective into the locked viewing position, turn off the light source, wind the power cord, and cover the microscope with its dust cover before replacing the microscope in the cabinet.<BR><BR>

7. If you used it, rinse your staining tray and leave it upside down on paper towels next to your sink. <BR><BR>

8. Turn off the gas and remove the tube from the nozzle. Place your bunsen burner and tube in your large drawer.<BR><BR>

9. Place all your equipment (loop, striker, sharpie, etc) including your microfuge rack, your micropipets and your micropipet tips in your small or large drawer. <BR><BR>

10. Move your notebook and lab manual so that you can disinfect your bench thoroughly. <BR><BR>

11. Take off your lab coat and store it in the blue cabinet with your microscope.<BR><BR>

12. Wash your hands.<BR><BR>

13. See you next time!

Assignment
Someone from your team must go to the Greenhouse and collect a new soil sample from your sampling site. On the day of lab next week, BEFORE lab begins, stop by the lab to pick up a plastic bag containing materials for collecting a new soil sample from your sampling site in the greenhouse. You will only need enough soil to fill half of a sterile, small 15ml, orange capped, conical tube. Make sure you get the sample for THE SAME sampling site as your original sample. Again avoid the top few millimeters of surface soil and wear gloves to avoid contaminating the sample with bacteria from your skin. You probably won't need to use the corer; a disinfected metal spatula or even a spoon should work fine. <BR><BR>

Goal for Cultured Bacteria Isolation: Characterize a variety of spore forming, nitrogen cycling, or other interesting bacteria in a soil community<BR> One goal in this project is for your group to end up with 16 unique bacteria (4 each) found in the soil community you sampled. Work with your partners so that you each choose different looking bacterial colonies from each medium and keep consulting with each other to ensure that your subset is likely to be unique.<BR><BR>

Isolation of desired bacteria from mixed culture is challenging. Your best organizational skills are required. You will be expected to come in at times, on your own, to start, continue or complete this process. We will make every attempt to make the media and reagents that you require available when you need them, but that availability requires advance planning on your part as well as on ours. Communicating your needs or desires well in advance of time of use, will reduce frustration and speed up the process. Remember that because this is an investigative, project based lab course, your instructors do not know the identity of the bacteria you are culturing from your soil habitat. The success of this project is in your hands. Early and continual updating of the plan you devise is crucial. You will not turn in your plan for a grade next week, but your instructor would like for you to create a master plan or flow chart with a preliminary time line and have it in your lab notebook for reference.

Graded Assignment: Compare your culture dependent and culture dependent estimations of the CFUs/gram of soil (dry wt) calculated in LAB 2 and think about the disparity. (DO NOT explain the discrepancy by criticizing your execution of the experiments!) Write a draft Introduction section of your final paper that includes a discussion of the "Great Plate Count Anomaly". Be sure to read the full directions for this assignment found at: Lab 2 Assignment: Assignment: Introduction.

Links to Labs
Lab 1 Lab 2 Lab 3 Lab 4 Lab 5 Lab 6 Lab 7 Lab 8 Lab 9 Lab 10 Lab11 Lab 12