IGEM:IMPERIAL/2009/Encapsulation/Applications/Anthocynin

=Introduction=

Anthocyanin are believed to have anti-oxidant properties and hence, anti-cancer properties. Their anti-cancer properties have been intensively researched on and many papers have proven that anthocyanin indeed inhibits cancer growth.

=Summary of papers showing anti-cancer properties of anthocyanin, in particular, cyanidin=

1.	Anthocyanin-Rich Extract From Aronia meloncarpa E. Induces a Cell Cycle Block in Colon Cancer but Not Normal Colonic Cells

•	Result in a 60% growth inhibition of human HT-29 colon cancer cells by a cytostatic inhibition of cell growth

2.	Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and the anthocyanins apoptosis

•	Anthocyanins induce apoptosis in cancer cells

•	Growth of HL60 human leukemia cells and HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells are inhibited in vitro

•	More HL60 apoptosis is observed

•	Anthocyanins extracted from bilberry decreased the number of viable HL60 cells by 84% and 88% at a concentration of 4 and 6 mg/mL respectively, and the number of viable HCT116 cells by 66% and 97% at 2 and 4 mg/mL respectively

3.	Tart cherry anthocyanins inhibit tumor development in Apc(Min) mice and reduce proliferation of human colon cancer cells colon1

•	Anthocyanins and cyanidin reduced cell growth of human colon cancer cell lines HT 29 and HCT 116

•	Mice consuming anthocyanins e.g. cyanidin, has smaller (in volume) adenomas in the cecum than mice consuming the control diet.

•

4.	Cyanidin 3-glucoside ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to downregulation of retinol binding protein 4 expression in diabetic mice diabetes

•	improves hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to the reduction of retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) expression in type 2 diabetic mice

More papers to look out for:

Mulberry anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside, exhibited an inhibitory effect on the migration and invasion of a human lung cancer cell line

Cyanidin-3-rutinoside, a natural polyphenol antioxidant, selectively kills leukemic cells by induction of oxidative stress

Cyanidin 3-Glucoside and Peonidin 3-Glucoside Inhibit Tumor Cell Growth and Induce Apoptosis In Vitro and Suppress Tumor Growth In Vivo

Mulberry anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside, exhibited an inhibitory effect on the migration and invasion of a human lung cancer cell line

Great reference website on anti-cancer properties of anthocynin


 * 1) apoptosis pmid=12502387
 * 2) colon1 pmid=12706854
 * 3) diabetes pmid=17869225

=Biosynthesis of cyanidin in E. coli=

Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside were synthesized. We are more interested in cyanidin here.

Biosynthesis pathway: chalcone → flavanone → dihydroflavonol → anthocyanidin → anthocyanin

Problems

1. Low amounts of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside ie 6.0 μg/liter were synthesized.

2. Certain metabolic steps involved are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, such as flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase, whose functional expression is challenging

3.

pathway
 * 1) pathway pmid=16000769